REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I907 225 



at its tip it is forked, and its short divaricated branches have the. 

 appearance of cross veins. Sc^ joins the costa directly, and Sc^ 

 (the so called subcostal cross vein of some systematic dipterol- 

 ogists) joins radius. Specialization affects the subcosta very 

 differently in different groups of crane flies. In some (Lim- 

 nobiini, etc.) the apical fork becomes strongly fixed in the posi- 

 tion described so as to maintain a deep furrow all the way to 

 the stigma. In some (Pedicinii, etc.) Sc^ migrates backward to- 

 ward the base of the wing [see pi. 24, 25] and in some there is a 

 marked tendency for one tip or the other or even the whole of 

 the subcosta to atrophy (Rhamphidiini, etc.). 



The radius is the strongest vein of the wing. It is typically 

 five branched, the sector being dichotomously twice forked. 

 This is the condition seen in Macrochile [pi. 14, fig. i], Idioplasta 

 [pi. 15, fig. i], and Tanyderus [pi. 14, fig. 2]. Usually the 



number of branches is 

 reduced, and when re- 

 duction occurs it follows 

 a different method in 

 the two families of 

 crane flies. In the Pty- 

 chopteridae, fusion pro- 

 ceeds faster in the up- 

 per fork of the sector, , 

 veins R* and R^ remaining separate after veins R^ and R-^ 

 have fused, as seen in Ptychoptera and Bittacomorpha [pi. 15, 

 fig. 2, 3]. .Since this is the behavior of the sector that 

 characterizes all the brachycerous diptera, and since crane flies 

 belong to the nematocerous division, its occurrence here is 

 somewhat surprising. In nearly all Tipulidae fusion proceeds 

 faster in the lower fork of the sector, veins R^ and R-^ 

 remaining longer separate. There are, however, a few genera, 

 scattered among the various tribes, as these tribes are at present 

 constituted, in which there is considerable variability as to the 

 nature of the forking of the sector. The apparent exceptions 

 to the rule just stated for the Tipulidae proper, occur in Pedicia 

 [pi. 26, fig. i] and Amalopis [pi. 25, fig. 2] of the Amalopini. 

 In Molophilus [pi. 22, fig. 6] and Conosia [pi. 21, fig. 5] of the 

 Eriopterini, and in Rhicnoptila [pi. 30, fig. 5] of the Limno- 

 philini. Indeed, in Amalopis inconstans, and in Rhic- 

 noptila wodzickii, and probably in others of these forms, 

 both types of forkings may be found in a single species. This is. 

 8 



F:g. 14 



