on Fossil Quadrumana. 503 



are as marked and distinct on the individuals which existed perhaps centuries 

 of centuries ago; and an ankle bone of the Sewalik fossil Monkey so closely 

 resembles that of a living species, that it is difficult to explain the dif- 

 ference. 



The Sewalik fossils abound in monuments of this sort. There is a mixture 

 of the new and of the old, of the past and of the present, of familiar with 

 surprising forms, together with a numerical richness, such as no other ex- 

 plored region has exhibited within so comparatively limited a space. The 

 Camel*, the Antelope, and Anoplotherium, have been found, intermixed 

 with each other in the same bed. There are remains of the Elephant, Ma- 

 stodon, Hippopotamus f, Anthracotherium, Rhinoceros;};, Hog, and Horse; 

 the Tapir alone of the large existing Pachydermata being without a repre- 

 sentative. In the Sivatherium§ is seen a huge Ruminant exceeding in size 

 the largest Rhinoceros ; it is also armed with four enormous sheathed horns, 

 divided and foliated like the Dicranocerine Antelopes, and able to contend 

 for mastery with the Mastodon. Contrasted with him in the same family is 

 the puny Musk Deer, scarcely larger than a Hare. There are the Cat|| and 

 the Dog tribe, the Hysena, BearH, and Ratel**, and other Carnivora. In the 

 feathered races, there are Grallae, greatly surpassing in size the Gigantic Crane 

 of Bengal {Ciconia Argala). Among the Reptilia, besides the Magar and 

 Gavial, there were other Crocodilesff of enormous bulk, approaching the 

 largest Saurians ; and the Testudinata, which have hitherto held but a humble 

 rank beside their Saurian co-ordinals, here show their giant representatives. 

 In addition to numerous species of Emys and Trionyx not bigger than the 



* Camelus Sivalensis (Nob.), Asiatic Researches, Vol. xix. Part II., Art. X., a species of the 

 size of the existing Camel. 



t Asiat. Res., Art. III. Hippopotamus Sivalensis (Nob. & H, dissimilis, Nob.). 



t Journal of the Asiatic Society, Vol. iv. p. 706, and vol. v. p. 486. 



§ Asiat, Research, ut supra, Art. I. Sivatherium Giganteum (Nob.). Since the memoir was 

 printed, Col. Colvin, Bengal Engineers, has got a specimen of the cranium with the bases of the 

 four horns attached, and we have in our possession an almost entire rear horn, which has given 

 the characters noted above. 



II Ibid. Art. XI. Felis cristata (Nob.). Smaller than the Tiger. 



^ Ibid. Art. XII. Ursus Sivalensis (Nob.). Size of the U. Spelcetis. 



** Messrs. Baker and Durand, Journ. Asiatic Society, Vol. v. p. 581. 



ff C. Leptorhynchus crassidcns (Nob.), an immense species far exceeding existing ones, and 

 forming a passage from the Gavials into the true Crocodiles. It has the cylindrical muzzle and 

 synostorized lower jaw of the former with the blunt thick teeth of the latter. 



