FOSSIL MAMMALIA. 59 



After what has appeared in our Ninth Number of the Ani- 

 mal Kingdom, it will be unnecessary to refer any more to the 

 living species. Our readers are fully enabled thereby to un- 

 derstand our comparative view. 



The Elephas Primigenius, fossil elephant, or mammoth, of 

 the Russians, may be thus briefly characterised : 



Elongated cranium, concave forehead, very long alveoli of 

 the tusks, lower jaw obtuse, cheek-teeth parallel, broader and 

 marked with narrower stripes than the elephas Indicus. Its 

 bones are only found in the fossil state. It has never been 

 found living, nor have we any reason to suppose that the bones 

 of the two living species have been ever found in the fossil 

 state. The bones are very numerous in many countries, but 

 better preserved in the north. It more resembled the Indian 

 than the African species. It differed from it, however, by 

 the cheek-teeth, the form of the lower jaw, and of many other 

 bones, but especially by the length of the alveoH of the tusks. 

 This last character must have singularly modified the conform- 

 ation of its trunk, and given the animal a very different physi- 

 ognomy from the Indian species. The tusks appear to have 

 been generally large, more or less arched into a spiral form, 

 and turned outwards. We have no proof that they differ 

 much according to sex or variety. Its height does not appear 

 to have much exceeded what the Indian species is capable of 

 attaining to ; but its proportions were, in general, heavier and 

 more clumsy. 



It is manifest, from its osseous remains, that it was a species 

 more different from the Indian than the ass is from the horse, 

 the chacal or the isatis from the wolf and fox. 



The size of its ears is not known, nor the precise colour of 

 the skin. The hair we have already described. This was 

 long enough to form a mane on the neck. It would appear, 

 therefore, as we remarked before, that these animals were 

 adapted to sustain a climate, the coldness of which would soon 

 destroy the Indian species. 



