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III.~GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 



J. General Instructions for Observations in Geology. 

 By Prof. A. C. Ramsay, LL.D., F.R.S., Director- General 

 of the Geological Survey, &;c., and John Evans, 

 F.R.S., President of the Geological Society. 



The instruments and other appHances necessary for daily or 

 occasional work are few. 



1. A hammer blunt at one end for breaking rocks, and 

 flattened and somewhat sharp on the edge at the opposite end 

 for splitting purposes when in search of fossils, &c. It is well 

 to be provided with a spare hammer or two in case of loss, and 

 one or two of smaller size for trimming specimens. The most 

 convenient way of carrying a hammer is to sling it in a flat 

 piece of leather through which the handle is passed to a belt 

 buckled round the waist. 



2. Two or three small steel chisels. 



3. A measuring tape is sometimes useful. 



4. A pocket compass, in which there may be a clinometer. 



5. A larger pendulum clinometer, which is also a foot-rule. 



6. A common ivory protractor. 



7. A leather satchel slung across the shoulder in which to 

 carry specimens, fossils, &c. 



8. Gummed labels with printed numbers to stick on rock 

 specimens and fossils collected. 



9. Some cotton to pack delicate specimens in. 



10. A supply of packing paper, and small canvas bags for 

 special specimens. 



1 1 . Note-books, which may also serve for sketch-books. 



12. A box of colours and some drawing paper, 



13. An aneroid barometer for the measurement of heights. 



14. For the purpose of refreshing the memory in case it 

 should be at fault, a late manual of geology should be provided, 

 such as Jukes' Student's Manual, and Lowry's Figures of Fossils 

 stratigraphically arranged. This gives an excellent idea in a 

 compendious form of the different forms of fossils which may be 

 expected in the various formations. Also Ramsay's Physical 

 Geology and Geograjijhy of Great Britain, which explains the 

 connexion of Geology with Physical Geography in a somewhat 

 condensed manner, and is more or less applicable to many 

 countries besides Great Britain. 



Stratified and Igneous Rocks. 



The following are the chief preliminary points to which the 

 attention of the observer should be drawn, assuming him not 



