LYELL AND TORELL ON LIFE IN ARCTIC SEA.«. 197 



explain the want of fossils in all p^lucial deposits of fluviatile or 

 lacustrine origin. The discoveries above referred to show that 

 the marine glacial beds of the Clyde and those of Elie in Fife, 

 with their Arctic shells, are precisely such formations as might be 

 looked for as belonging to a period -when Scotland was undergoing 

 glaciation as intense as that to which Spitzbergeil and North 

 Greenland are now subjected."* 



XXVIL— The First Part of the '' Outlines of the Dis- 

 " TRiBUTioN of Arctic Plants." By J. D.Hooker, 

 M.D., F.R.S., &;c. &c. Trans. Linn. Soc, vol. 23, 

 18f)l, pages 251-348. Read June 21, I860. Reprinted 

 by permission. 



[Owing to want of time, this Memoir is reprinted as it appeared in 1861, 

 without reference to slight mi^difications in the calculations which subsequent 

 discoveries necessitate. The most important of these discoveries, however, 

 are given in foot-notes, &c. — J. D. Hooker, April 1875.] 



Contents. 



L — Introduction, p. 197. 

 II. — On the Local Distribution of 



Plants within the Arctic 



Circle, p. 202. 

 III. — On the Distribution of the 



A.rctic Flowering Plants in 



various Regions of the Globe, 



p. 20.5. 

 IV. — Botanical Districts within the 



Arctic CircJe: — 



1. Arctic Europe, p. 209. 



2. Arctic Asia, p. 211. 



3. Arctic West America, 



p. 212. 



4. Arctic East America, 



p. 214. 



5. Arctic Greenland, p. 



216. 



V. — On the Arctic Proportions of 

 Species to Genera, Orders, 

 and Classes, p. 222. 



VI. — On the Grouping of Forms, 

 Varieties, and Species of 

 Arctic Plants for the Pur- 

 poses of Competitive Study. 

 [Not reprinted.] 



VII.— Tabulated View of Arctic 

 Flowering Plants, and Ferns, 

 with their Distribution. 

 [An Abstract of the Green- 

 land and East- Arctic- Ameri- 

 can Plants, printed, p. 224.] 



VIII. — Observations on the Species. 

 [Not repryited.] 



I. — Introduction. 



I shall endeavour in the following pages to comply, as far as 

 I can, with a desire expressed by several distinguished Arctic 

 voyagers, that I should draw up an account of the affinities and 

 distribution of the flowering plants of the North-Polar regions. 

 The method I have folloAved has been, first, to ascertain the names 

 and localities of all Plants which appear on good evidence to have 



* See also the notes on the Continental Ice of Greenland, former Climate 

 of Greenland, and range of fossil Sequoia over Arctic Regions, on Mackenzie 

 River, and in Iceland, "Antiquity of Man," 4th edit., 1873, pp. 274-281. 



