TOULA ON THE GEOLOGY OF EAST GREENLAND. 587 



a crystalline " massif," cut into by fjords extending far inward. 

 In the above-named islands these crystalline rocks are associated 

 with Mesozoic and Cainozoic deposits. Some of these islands are of 

 volcanic nature, such as Shannon, where crystalline rocks exist only 

 on the N.E. extremity, and Sabine and Pendulum, both entirely com- 

 posed of Basalts (Dolerites and Anamesites) and of Basaltic Tuffs. 

 The Basalts extend along a line striking N.E to S.W. They 

 begin on Shannon and continue through Sabine, the protruding 

 peninsula between False Bay and the Tirol Fjord, the east portion 

 of Clavering Island and Jackson Island, as far as the coast between 

 this last-named island. Cape Broer Ruys, and Cape Franklin. 

 According to Lieut. Payer's statements, the Basalts constitute 

 immense cappings, spreading in form of plateaux, seldom bearing 

 volcanic cones of any height. They occur under the form of 

 Dolerites (crystalline granular aggregations of Labradoric felspar, 

 pyroxene, and magnetic oxydule of iron), or of fine grained 

 Anamesites (genuine peridotic Basalts), occasionally of amygdaloid 

 tuff-like or scoriaceous Basalts. The Amygdaloids generally include 

 Zeolites (Chabasite very frequently), and double-refractive Calcite. 

 Along the coast of Flat Bay the Anamesite takes the form of 

 waUs, 8 feet high, and is columnar in structure, the columns 

 measuring 5 to 7 feet in length and 1^ to 2 feet in breadth. 



Miocene beds exist from the S. end of Hochstetter's Foreland to 

 S. from Cape Seebach, in a height between 300 and 500 feet, 

 along the foot of a crystalline ridge. They become narrower as 

 they advance northward, where they take the form of yellowish, 

 fine-grained Sandstones with moulds and casts of a Cytherea-like 

 Bivalve. A quartzose Sandstone with calcareous cement exists 

 on Sabine Island. The Sandstones of the S. side of Mount Germania 

 include shaly beds with Taxodium distichum mioccenicum, which 

 occurs also in a blackish-brown Shale, and in the grey shaly 

 Sandstones W. of Mount Germania. In these beds have been 

 found leaves of Populus arctica and Diospyros brachysepala, 

 indicating these beds to be coeval with the Miocenes of Atano- 

 kerdluk (W. Greenland, 1° N. lat.), Iceland, and Spitzbergen.* 



Mesozoic deposits. — Jurassic Marls and Sandstones were met with 

 on the E. and S. side of Kuhn Island. Calcareous Sandstones with 

 organic remains are found on the S. coast of False Bay. The 

 Jurassics on the E. coast of Kuhn Island are Marls and fine- 

 grained Sandstones, with a Fauna very nearly allied to that of the 

 Russian Jurassics. On the S. side they are coarse-grained Sand- 

 stones and shell-breccias, with Coal-seams. They rest on crystal- 

 line rocks, forming a high central ridge with glaciers. Aucella 

 concentrica in five varieties, connected by intermediate forms, is fre- 

 quent on the E. coast of Kuhn Island. The genus Aucella is 

 frequent in all the Russian Jurassics, extending from the Lower 

 Volga northward to the mouth of the Petschora, and is known to 

 occur in Spitzbergen {Aucella Mosquensis). Its westernmost 

 limit is the E. coast of Kuhn Island. The other organic remains 



* See above, pp. 378, 432, &c. 



