2 The Hon. Mr. Strangways on the Geology of Russia, 



iron. The border or Oural district comprehends all the Oural mountains as 

 far as they have been explored ; in other words, the greatest part of the go- 

 vernments of Perm, Orenburg^ and Viatka ; that part of the chain which lies 

 in the governments of Vologda and Archangel being scarcely known*. 



The two mining districts which lie entirely within the frontier of Siberia 

 are those of Kolyvan and Nerchinsk. That of Kolyvan is situated on the 

 w est frontier of China and of the Steppe of the Kirghls : that of Nerchinsk, 

 beyond the Lake Baical, on the frontier of Siberia and China towards the 

 Pacific Ocean. 



The three last-mentioned districts afford almost every metal. 



FINLAND f. 



In traversing Russia from north to south, we find first a vast extent of pri- 

 mitive country, comprehending Russian Lapland, Finland, the northern parts 

 of Carella, and part of the government of Olonetz. Its boundary on the south 

 may be taken as follows: The Gulf of Finland; from which we may suppose 

 a line drawn from the Berezovsky Isles, and passing within forty versts of 

 Wyborg quite across the Isthmus to the north shore of the Lake Ladoga above 

 Kexholm : this line may be continued in the same direction across the lake to 

 tlie north-eastern shore, whence it crosses another isthmus to the northern 

 shore of the Lake Onega above Petrozavodsk: whence being continued still 

 in the same direction, it terminates in the White Sea;};. It is evident that this 

 primitive country is only a prolongation of that of Sweden, which it much 

 resembles, and its connexion with which may be traced by the Isles of Aland 

 in the south, by those in the centre of the Gulf of Bothnia, and by the Lap- 

 land chain of mountains into Norway on the north : it probably extends also 

 by Nova Zemlia and the islands in the Icy Sea, to the northern extremity of 



* See the Map. Plate II. 



t Finland. — Under this title I comprehend the whole country of Old and New Finland and 

 Carelia, which is still the popular name for those districts east of Wyborg : as far as the Carelian, 

 a Finnish dialect is spoken. Under the Russian division this tract comprises the government of 

 Abo, and the north parts of those of Wyborg and Olonetz. 



J The southern outline of the granite takes a regular direction from south-east to north-west, 

 from the south of Sweden to the north of Russia. The Pleta formation, as traced across the 

 Baltic, is apparently parallel to the primitive, and co-extensive with it. The northern 

 salt district and the Valday Hills also run in a parallel direction for nearly the same distance. 

 The escarpments are regularly towards the north; rolled masses of each rock are found south of 

 its native bed, but not to the north of it. Primitive boulders are found as far south as Moscow, 

 but are rare in the eastern governments. 



