388 Professor Buckland on the Bones of Mastodon, S^c.from Ava. 



in Europe, particularly in the sub-Apennine formations, where they have 

 been so ably described by Brocchi, and are now receiving- further illustration 

 from the able hand of Professor Guidotti of Parma. Again, we trace them 

 round the shores and in the islands of the Mediterranean, at Montpellier and 

 Nice, at Savona, Volterra, and Rome, — in the fish-beds of Mount Lebanon, — 

 and the nummulite limestone that forms the foundation of the Pyramids of 

 Egypt. We recognise them also along the northern shores of Africa, and in 

 Malta, Sicily, and Sardinia. Mr. Strangways has traced them largely in the 

 Steppes of Southern Russia, and on the shores of the Black Sea and the 

 Caspian*, The Russians in their expedition to Bokaria have found them on 

 the borders of Lake Aral ; and now, on the authority of Mr. Crawfurd's 

 discoveries, we establish them in a considerable district of the Burmese 

 empire beyond tlie Ganges. 



.5. In many of the specimens from near Prome, we find a soft green and 

 yellow sandstone resembling that of our plastic clay formation. Mr. Crawfurd 

 describes these as associated with reddish clay intermixed with sand and 

 pebbles, in words that are almost equally applicable to our English plastic 

 clay-pits at Reading or Lewisham. He found them in many places where he 

 'anded along the shores of the Irawadi ; and near Pugan f andWetmasut they 

 were associated with brown coal and petroleum, precisely as we find them 

 containing brown coal all over Europe, and connected with wells of petroleum 

 near Parma, and also in Sicily, and near Baku on the west coast of the Cas- 

 pian. Near the petroleum wells of VVetmasut, Mr. Crawfurd also found large 

 selenites resembling those that occur at Newhaven in our plastic clay. In 

 Ava, as in Europe, they seem to be co-extensive with the clay-beds of the 

 tertiary formation. 



6. The transition limestone appears, from the few specimens we possess, 

 to be of the same character with that of Europe, but in these specimens there 

 are no organic remains. At a small hill four hundred feet high, called Manlan 

 Hill, near Wetmasut and the petroleum wells, it is associated with grauwacke. 

 There are also specimens of grauwacke mucii charged with carbonate of lime 

 from so many distant points along the Irawadi, that, in the absence of better 

 information, we may conjecture the fundamental strata of this region to belong 

 to the transition series, and that they are covered more or less by the tertiary 

 strata and diluvium which we have been considering. 



* See his Map of European Russia, Ocol. Trans. Qnd Series, vol. i. Tlate II. 



I On the west shore of the Irawadi, opposite to Pugan (see PI. XLI V.), springs of petroleum 

 ooze from hills composed of immense masses of blue clay ; and if wells were dug, it might be col- 

 lected as at Wetmasut. — Mr. Crarcfurd's Notes. 



