90 Geological Sockty of Glasgow. 



stone, and is of comparatively recent origin. It is light, bums very 

 rapidly, gives out great heat, produces fifty per cent, of ash, and 

 forms considerable quantities of clinker. 



2. Labuan, Borneo. — Several seams of coal crop out conspicuously 

 near the coast, the lowest being eleven feet four inches in thickness. 

 It is heavy, close-grained, fast-burning, and gives out considerable 

 heat ; it is of very recent date, dammara resin, and leaves of recent 

 trees being found associated with it. 



3. Diu, Saghalien. — Coal excellent, burns quickly, with little ash. 

 Presents a fracture similar to Welsh Coal. 



4. Japan. — The author describes coal from several localities in 

 Japan as bright, clean, and resembling Sydney coal, but having a 

 tendency to form clinker. He concludes with a description of some 

 coal from Ivanai, Niphon, which is very clean, highly bituminous, 

 burns with a flame in the flame of a candle, and would probably be 

 valuable as a gas -producing material. 



Geological Society of Glasgow. — Notes on the Geology of 

 Norway. By Eev. Henry W. Crosskey, Vice-President. Eead 19th 

 December, 1867. — The paper described investigations carried on in 

 Norway by Mr. Crosskey, in company with Mr. David Eobertson — 

 especially in the Post-tertiary formations of that country. The 

 districts visited were the fijord of Christiania, the rivers and lakes 

 leading into the heart of the Thelmaken, Gousta mountain, and. the 

 Ejukan Foss. The study of the Norwegian beds greatly facilitates the 

 due arrangement of the clays, sands, and gravels of Scotland ; and 

 indubitable evidence exists as to the action of the same great physi- 

 cal agents in both countries, during the glacial epoch and continuing 

 to the present day. The rounded bosses, and general contour of the 

 scenery, remarkably evident in the Christiania fijord; the scratched 

 rocks and grooved and polished surfaces ; the development of a 

 Boulder-clay precisely analogous to that seen over Scotland; the 

 terraces of sand and gravel stretching along the valleys (as, for 

 example, from Tingeset to Semb) were described at length as indi- 

 cating the same series of physical changes. A Laminated clay, cor- 

 responding to that well known at Paisley, and probably caused by 

 muddy water issuing from beneath ice, was described as resting 

 upon the Boulder clay, in the neighbourhood of Christiania. The 

 oldest Norwegian shell-beds examined at Moss and Upper Foss 

 prove the former degree of cold to have been much intenser than 

 the present, and very analogous to that which formerly prevailed in 

 Scotland. The characteristic shell at Moss is Leda arctica, a highly 

 arctic species ; and this is equally characteristic in the clay-bed at 

 Errol, in the Carse of Gowrie. A well-defined, arctic group of 

 shells is common to the older Scotch and Norwegian clays, and 

 proves in both cases a considerable intensity of cold. The Post- 

 glacial shell-beds examined near Skien, and other places, prove the 

 gradual character of the change of climate. Arctic forms are mixed 

 with species more southern in character. At the Bisoet tile-works, 

 e.g., Isocardia cor is associated with Tellina proxima. The island of 



