316 Dawkins — On the Age of the Mammoth. 



PLATE XVI. 

 Fig. 1-3. Oholella maculata, Hicks, " Menevian Group," Portli-y-rhaw, St. David's, 

 South Wales, and Gwynfynydd and Caralan, North 

 Wales. \a, 2a, 3a, magnified. 



4. Obolus ? plumhea, Salter, exterior, Lower Llandeilo, Wellfield Builth. 



5. ,, ,, „ interior, from Shelve, enlarged. 



6. „ ,, var. plicata, Hicks, exterior, Tremunhire, St. David's, 



Lower Arenig Rocks, 



7. ,, ,, „ „ internal cast of same enlarged. 



8. Obolella ? Salteri, Holl. Malvern, from original specimens. 



9. „ „ .*• Lower Tremadoc, Craig-y-diiias, N. Wales. 



10. Kutorgina cingulata, Billings = 0i. Phillipsii, Holl. a large specimen. 



Malvern. 

 11-12. Diseina pileolus, Hicks, '< Menevian," Porth-y-rhaw Valley, St. David's. 



11a, \2a, enlarged. 

 13. ,, ? „ from the yellow fossiliferous beds in the Harlecli 



Group, St. Davids. 13a enlarged. 

 14-16. Acrotreta? Nicholsoni, Dav. Upper Llandeilo, Dobb's Linn, Moffat. 



14a, \5a, 16a, enlarged. 

 17-19. Orthis HicJcsii, Salter, "Menevian," Porth-y-rhaw, St. David's. 

 20-22. „ lenticularis, Dal. Upper Lingula flags, Ogaf-ddu. 



23. „ Carausii, Salter, Arenig Eocks (Lowest Llandeilo) St. Davids. 

 24-28. ,, menapice, Hicks, „ ,, ,, 



IIL — On the Value of the Evidence for the Existence of the 

 Mammoth in Europe in Pre-glacial Times. 



By W. Boyd Dawkins, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S. 



EUROPE during the Tertiary period was invaded hj successive 

 races of animals driven from their head quarters by press of 

 numbers or by famine, or allured by some modification of circum- 

 stances that was specially adapted for their well-being, in precisely 

 the same way as it was subsequently invaded by successive races of 

 men. Eocene Mammals were followed by Miocene, and those again 

 by Pliocene, Pliocene by the Pre-glacial division of the Pleistocene, 

 and, finally, the latter by the Post-glacial or Quaternary, in obedi- 

 ence to the same natural laws which compelled the Stone- to vanish 

 away before the Bronze-folk, and the Kelt to yield to the Teuton. 

 The parallel between the conquest of Europe hj the ancient mam- 

 malia and that by man is most exact. In both cases the conquering 

 race absorbed a greater or less proportion of the conquered. Thus the 

 Hippopotamus major and Bhinoceros Jiemitachus of the Pliocenes of 

 Italy lingered on in France and Germany in association with, or, 

 as it were, in a kind of helotage to, the Post-glacial fauna, just as the 

 Kelt still survives in the midst of his Teutonic conquerors in Britain. 

 In both there is the same uncertainty as to the ancient head-quarters 

 of each race, except the last one, from which the present inhabitants 

 of Western Europe are descended. Professor Max Miiller has traced 

 the Aryan race from Central Asia northwards and westwards 

 to the very extremitj^ of Europe, eastwards and southwards through- 

 out the length and breadth of India, Persia, and Ceylon, by the 

 identity in the root-meaning of words throughout that vast area. 

 M. Lartet,' in 1858, traced the Post-glacial Mammalia from the 

 ^ Comptes Eendus, torn. xlvi. 



