18 [March 2, 
Hale.] 
The nasal sounds, which are so common in the Dakota and the Tutelo, 
are wanting in the Hidatsa, while the s of the two former languages fre- 
quently becomes ¢s in Hidatsa. These dialectical peculiarities explain the 
difference between the words for younger brother, suntka, Tu., surka, Da., 
tsuka, Hi., between és?, foot, Tu., and ¢tsi, Hi., between maseri, knife, 
Tu., and maetsi, Hi. It will be noticed that the words in Tutelo are fre- 
quently longer and fuller in sound than the corresponding words in the 
other languages, as though they were nearer the original forms from 
which the words in the various Dakota tongues were derived. 
JRAMMATICAL Forms. 
As is usually the case with allied tongues, the grammatical resemblances 
of the languages of this stock are much more striking and instructive than 
those which appear in the mere comparison of isolated words. 
Substantives and Adjectives. 
The Tutelo, like the Dakota and the Hidatsa, has no inflection of the 
substantive to indicate the plural number; but in both the Tutelo and the 
Dakota, the plural of adjectives is frequently expressed by what may be 
termed a natural inflection, namely, by a reduplication. In the Dakota, 
according to Mr. Riggs, the initial syllable is sometimes reduplicated, as 
ksapa, wise, pl. ksaksapa; tanka, great, pl. tarktanbva ; sometimes it is the 
last syllable, as wagté, good, pl. wactégte ; and occasionally it is a middle 
syllable, as, tanhkinyan, great, pl. tanhinkinyan. 
Sometimes the adjective in Dakota takes the suffix p?,) which makes the 
plural form of the verb, as wagté, good witcasta wagtépi, good men, 4. é., 
they are good men, 
Similar forms exist in the Tutelo. The adjective, or some part of it, is 
reduplicated in the plural, and at the same time a verbal suffix is fre- 
quently if not always added, thus ; ati api, good house, pl. att apipisel, 
good houses (those are good houses); ati dtdni, large house, pl. ati ttc 
tdnsel ; ati ohayéke, bad house, pl. ati okayeyékesel ; ati asain, white house, 
pl. att asansdnsel. Occasionally the reduplication takes a peculiar form, 
as in ati kutska, small house, pl. ati kotskutskaisel. In one instance the 
plural differs totally from the singular ; ati sui, long house, pl. até yumpan- 
katskaisel, 
The plural verbal termination is frequently used without the reduplica- 
tion ; as, wahtdke bi (or pi), good man, wahtdke biwa (or bie), he is a good 
man ; pl. wahtahe bihla (or bihlése), they are good men. So ten ze bise, good 
dog (or, it is a good dog), pl. tcofige bihlése. 
The plural form by reduplication does not appear to exist in the Hi- 
datsa. 
The Rey. J. Owen Dorsey, who has made a special study of the western 
Dakota languages, finds in the Omaha (or Dhegiha) dialect a peculiar 
meaning given to this reduplicate plural of adjectives. The following ex- 
