1883.) 27 [Hale. 
The pronouns may be thus inserted in a noun, used with a verbal sense. 
Thus wahtéra or wahtakat, man or Indian, may be conjugated: 
wahlikat, he is an Indian 
wayihtikat, thou art an Indian 
wamihtakat, Tam an Indian 
It is remarkable, however, that the pronoun of the first person plural 
is usually (though not always) prefixed. Thus. from mahandiika, he sits 
down, we have (as above) mahaminatka, I sit down, and maiikmahandnka, 
we sit down. So, macwkséha (or sometimes wairkséha), we laugh, and 
maohata, we see. On the other hand, we find hamankhewa, we say, from 
hahewa, he says, making (as above) hawahewa, I say. 
The word manom. he steals, has in Dakota the pronouns inserted, as is 
shown in the examples previously given. The similar word in Tutelo, 
manoma or manuma, has them prefixed, as yimanoma, thou stealest, ma- 
manomda, I steal. But on one occasion this word was given in a different 
form, as manundant, he steals; and in this example the pronouns were in- 
serted, the form of the first personal pronoun, and of the verb itself in that 
person, being at the same time varied, as mayinundani, thou stealest, ma- 
minundame, I steal. In Dakota the place of the pronoun is similarly varied 
by a change in the form of the verb. Thus baksd, to cut off with a knife, 
makes dbawdksa, I cut off (with the pronoun inserted), while kaksd, to cut 
off with an axe, makes wakéksa, I cut off Qwith the pronoun prefixed), and 
so in other like instances. 
The other peculiarity of the Dakota and Hidatsa languages, which has 
been referred to, viz., the paucity, or rather absence, of all changes of 
mood and tense which can properly be called inflections, is in striking 
contrast with the abundance of these changes which mark the Tutelo verb. 
The difference is important, especially as indicating that the Tutelo is 
the older form of speech. It isan established law in the science of linguistics 
that, in any family of languages, those which are of the oldest formation, 
or, in other words, which approach nearest to the mother speech, are the 
most highly inflected. 'The derivative or more recent tongues are distin- 
guished by the comparative fewness of the grammatical changes in the 
vocables. The difference in this respect between the Tutelo and the west- 
ern branches of this stock is so great that they seem to belong to different 
categories or genera in the classification of languages. ‘The Tutelo may 
properly be styled an inflected language, while the Dakota, the Hidatsa, 
and apparently all the other western dialects of the stock, must be classed 
among agglutinated languages, the variations of person, number, mood 
and tense being denoted by affixed or inserted particles. 
Thus in the Hidatsa there is no difference, in the present tense, between 
the singular and the plural of a verb. Aédé¢i signifies both ‘‘he loves’’ 
and ‘‘they love ;’? makidéqi, ‘I love,’”’ and ‘we love.’’ In the future a 
distinction is made in the first and second persons. Dakidécidé signifies 
