1883, ] 31 (Tale, 
give to you, we have, in the imperative, masa mingé, give me a knife. 
hitése or kitesel, he kills him, gives kité tgonki, or tenth’ kité, kill the dog. 
In the western languages of the Dakota stock, certain particles prefixed 
to the verb play an important part in modifying the meaning. Thus in 
Dakota and Hidatsa the prefix pa signifies that the action is done with the 
hand. From ksa, Dak., meaning separate, we have paksd, to break with the 
hand; from qu, Hid., to spill, pagu, to pour out with the hand. The Da- 
kota na, Hidatsa ada (for ana) are prefixes showing that the action is done 
with the foot. The Dakota ya, Hidatsa da (often pronounced ra or la) 
show that the act is done with the mouth. Aa (Dak.) and dah (Hid.) in- 
dicate an act done by a sudden, forcible impulse, &c. Attempts were made 
to ascertain whether similar prefixes were employed in the Tutelo speech, 
It was found that in many cases the latter had distinct words to express 
acts which in the western languages were indicated by these compound 
forms. Still, a sufficient number of examples were obtained to show that 
the use of modifying prefixes was not unknown to the language. Thus 
the root ‘usa, which evidently corresponds with the Dakota ksa, signifying 
separation, occurs in the following forms : 
nanthasisel, he breaks it off with the foot 
latkisisel, he bites it off 
tikusisel, he breaks it off by pushing 
lakathisisel, he cuts it off with an axe 
The Dakota na, signifying action with the foot, is evidently found, with 
some modification, in the Tutelo nanthisisel above quoted, and also in nah- 
kokisek, to stamp with the foot, and in Konagqlotisel, to scratch with the 
foot. So the cutting, pushing, or impulsive prefix, lak or laka, which ap- 
pears in lakatkisisel, is found also in lakatkusisel, he cuts open, lakaspéta, 
to cut off in pieces, lakasdse, to chop, lakapleh, to sweep the floor. La, 
which in latkisisel indicates action with the mouth, is found also in lak- 
pése, to drink, and perhaps in yilandha, to count or read, which has the 
corresponding prefix ya in the Dakota word yd.oa, of like meaning 
The affixed or incorporated pronouns are used with transitive verbs to 
form what are called by the Spanish writers on Indian grammar transitions, 
that is, to express the passage of the action from the agent or subject to 
the object. This usage is governed by very simple rules. In the Dakota and 
Hidatsa the rule prevails, that when two affixed pronouns come together, 
the one being in the nominative case and the other in the objective, the 
objective always precedes the nominative, as in mayakoga (Dak.) me- 
thou-bindest, dimakidéct (Hid.) thee-I-love. In the Dakota the third per- 
sonal pronoun is in general not expressed ; kagtd signifies both he binds, 
and he binds him, her, or it; wakdcka is I bind, and I bind him, &c. In 
the Hidatsa, this pronoun is not expressed in the nominative, but in the 
objective it is indicated by the pronoun ?@ prefixed to the verb, as Aidéqi, he 
loves ; ikidegi, he loves him, her or it. 
The Tutelo, as far as could be ascertained, follows the usage of the Dakota 
