Brinton,] 404 (Jan. 4, 
Whenever the verb is preceded by the particle ha, the parti- 
cle vt must follow; as, Ha quix colotah vi, With this you will 
ascend to heaven. 
In other cases vi is used to convey affirmation, as, Kiteih chi 
caban vi mac, Certainly you committed a sin. 
The particle ach has no signification by itself; but joined to 
nouns it conveys the idea of participation in their signification, 
and it is used with the possessive pronouns; as, amac, sinner, 
achahmac, he who sins jointly with another; vachahmac, my 
accomplice in sin; achbilatz, he who goes with another; vach- 
bil, my traveling companion. 
The particle guereqa is illative, and corresponds to ergo or 
igitur, therefore, then, for that reason. Whenever it precedes 
a verb in this sense, the latter must be followed by the particle 
vt; as Quereqa ta loXoh vi Dios, Therefore love thou God. 
‘|. There are four very important verbs which are placed 
absolutely at the end of sentences containing a gerund with ac- 
cusative. They are e/, departing, apon, arriving, kah, descend- 
ing, pe, coming; and this particle Saneh, or aSaneh, which 
means “ upward.” 
The verb e/ is used by the Indians thus: ta qama el ri plato, 
Take out, departing, this plate; ta waa el ya qoh chupam 
wxarro, Pour forth, going out, the water which is in the pitcher. 
The Zutuhils are accustomed to add o when the sentence ends 
in el, 
The verb apon means “arriving there,” 
not “coming here.” 
It is used as follows: ta bith apon chire fiscal chuac quin apon 
chire, say to the fiscal on arriving there (or, when thou arrivest 
there) that to-morrow I am going there. Chuak tel apon nu 
camahel rugin Padre, To-morrow will go forth my messenger 
to the place where the Father is. 
The verb kah, is used when one being in an elevated location 
speaks, or writes, or sends to one who is situated lower. ‘T'hus, 
when one is in Atitlan and speaks of the coast, he would use 
this hah, as, tibe qamar hah q,th taXah, they are going to carry 
flowers, descending (or down) to the coast, 
The verb pe, to come, is used as follows: ta tzth pe candela, 
