﻿THE 
  GEOLOGICAL 
  HISTORY 
  OF 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  STATE 
  95 
  

  

  layer, 
  or 
  by 
  accumulation 
  beneath 
  the 
  ice 
  under 
  peculiarly 
  favor- 
  

   able 
  conditions, 
  as 
  perhaps 
  along 
  longitudinal 
  crevasses 
  or 
  fissures. 
  

   One 
  of 
  the 
  finest 
  and 
  most 
  extensive 
  exhibitions 
  of 
  drumlins 
  in 
  the 
  

   world 
  is 
  the 
  region 
  of 
  western 
  New 
  York 
  from 
  Oswego 
  and 
  Syra- 
  

   cuse 
  to 
  west 
  of 
  Rochester. 
  Thousands 
  of 
  drumlins 
  there 
  rise 
  above 
  

   the 
  general 
  level 
  of 
  the 
  Ontario 
  plain, 
  the 
  New 
  York 
  Central 
  Rail- 
  

   road, 
  from 
  Syracuse 
  to 
  Rochester, 
  passing 
  through 
  the 
  very 
  midst 
  

   of 
  them. 
  

  

  Another 
  type 
  of 
  glacial 
  deposit 
  in 
  the 
  low 
  hill 
  or 
  hillock 
  form 
  is 
  

   the 
  kame 
  which, 
  in 
  contrast 
  with 
  the 
  drumlin, 
  always 
  consists 
  of 
  

   stratified 
  drift. 
  Karnes 
  are 
  seldom 
  as 
  much 
  as 
  200 
  feet 
  high, 
  and 
  

   typically 
  they 
  have 
  rounded 
  bases 
  though 
  frequently 
  they 
  are 
  very 
  

   irregular 
  in 
  shape. 
  At 
  times 
  they 
  exist 
  as 
  isolated 
  masses 
  or 
  hills 
  

   or 
  in 
  small 
  groups, 
  while 
  often 
  they 
  are 
  associated 
  with 
  the 
  unstrati- 
  

   fied 
  deposits 
  of 
  the 
  moraines. 
  When 
  grouped, 
  deep 
  depressions 
  

   occur 
  between 
  the 
  hills 
  to 
  form 
  what 
  is 
  called 
  the 
  knob 
  and 
  kettle 
  

   structure. 
  Karnes 
  were 
  formed 
  at 
  or 
  near 
  the 
  margin 
  of 
  the 
  

   retreating 
  ice, 
  and 
  so 
  are 
  found 
  in 
  all 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  State. 
  They 
  

   most 
  generally 
  occur 
  in 
  valley 
  bottoms, 
  but 
  sometimes 
  on 
  hillsides 
  

   or 
  even 
  hilltops. 
  They 
  are 
  especially 
  common 
  along 
  the 
  line 
  of 
  

   the 
  great 
  terminal 
  moraine 
  (for 
  example, 
  on 
  Long 
  island), 
  and 
  also 
  

   along 
  the 
  line 
  of 
  the 
  # 
  important 
  terminal 
  moraine 
  already 
  described 
  

   from 
  central 
  to 
  western 
  New 
  York. 
  For 
  example, 
  in 
  the 
  vicinity 
  

   of 
  Oriskany 
  Falls 
  kames 
  are 
  so 
  numerous 
  as 
  to 
  form 
  a 
  striking 
  

   feature 
  of 
  the 
  landscape 
  in 
  the 
  Oriskany 
  valley. 
  They 
  were 
  formed 
  

   as 
  deposits 
  by 
  debris-laden 
  streams 
  emerging 
  from 
  the 
  margin 
  of 
  

   the 
  ice, 
  the 
  water 
  sometimes 
  having 
  risen 
  like 
  great 
  fountains 
  

   because 
  of 
  pressure. 
  Such 
  deposits 
  are 
  now 
  actually 
  in 
  process 
  of 
  

   formation 
  along 
  the 
  edge 
  of 
  the 
  great 
  Malaspina 
  glacier 
  of 
  Alaska. 
  

  

  During 
  the 
  retreat 
  of 
  the 
  ice, 
  glacial 
  lakes 
  were 
  numerous, 
  espe- 
  

   cially 
  after 
  the 
  ice 
  front 
  had 
  passed 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  Susquehanna- 
  

   Allegany 
  divide 
  because 
  the 
  north-sloping 
  valleys 
  were 
  dammed 
  by 
  

   the 
  ice 
  thus 
  ponding 
  the 
  waters 
  in 
  the 
  valleys. 
  Some 
  materials 
  

   were 
  directly 
  deposited 
  from 
  the 
  glacier 
  in 
  those 
  lakes, 
  but 
  more 
  

   was 
  brought 
  in 
  by 
  debris-laden 
  streams 
  flowing 
  from 
  the 
  land 
  

   already 
  freed 
  from 
  the 
  ice. 
  Such 
  glacial 
  lakes 
  and 
  their 
  deposits 
  

   are 
  common 
  and 
  of 
  unusual 
  interest, 
  but 
  they 
  will 
  be 
  described 
  

   under 
  a 
  subsequent 
  heading. 
  

  

  In 
  conclusion 
  we 
  may 
  say 
  that 
  the 
  deposition 
  of 
  glacial 
  materials, 
  

   like 
  glacial 
  erosion, 
  has 
  not 
  changed 
  the 
  major 
  topographic 
  features 
  

   of 
  the 
  State. 
  The 
  general 
  tendency 
  of 
  ice 
  deposits 
  has 
  been 
  to 
  fill 
  

   or 
  partially 
  fill 
  depressions 
  and 
  thus 
  to 
  diminish 
  the 
  ruggedness 
  of 
  

   the 
  topography. 
  

  

  