﻿GEOLOGY 
  OF 
  SARATOGA 
  SPRINGS 
  AND 
  VICINITY 
  IO3 
  

  

  small 
  anticlines 
  are 
  mostly 
  of 
  short 
  length, 
  pitching 
  often 
  con- 
  

   siderably 
  at 
  the 
  north 
  and 
  south 
  ends. 
  They 
  cause 
  the 
  grit 
  and 
  

   chert 
  ridges 
  to 
  rise 
  for 
  a 
  short 
  distance 
  above 
  the 
  surface 
  to 
  soon 
  

   disappear 
  again. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  probable 
  that 
  also 
  in 
  the 
  Saratoga 
  plain 
  in 
  places 
  a 
  number 
  

   of 
  smaller 
  anticlines 
  and 
  synclines 
  are 
  combined 
  into 
  larger 
  anti- 
  

   clinoria 
  and 
  synclinoria. 
  At 
  least 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  a 
  multitude 
  of 
  

   small 
  grit 
  anticlines 
  in 
  an 
  elliptic 
  space, 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  Rocky 
  tucks, 
  

   would 
  suggest 
  the 
  probability 
  of 
  such 
  a 
  more 
  complex 
  structure. 
  

   There 
  is 
  little 
  doubt 
  that 
  anticlinoria 
  and 
  synclinoria 
  exist 
  farther 
  

   east, 
  1 
  where 
  the 
  pushing 
  force 
  was 
  greater 
  and 
  the 
  rocks 
  more 
  

   resistant, 
  but 
  in 
  this 
  western 
  shale 
  belt 
  the 
  entire 
  crumpled, 
  mi- 
  

   nutely 
  and 
  often 
  irregularly 
  folded 
  mass 
  has 
  the 
  appearance 
  of 
  a 
  

   rolling 
  and 
  slipping 
  mass, 
  not 
  strong 
  enough 
  to 
  be 
  thrown 
  into 
  

   folds 
  of 
  mountain-making 
  magnitude. 
  Yet 
  we 
  find 
  already 
  close 
  

   to 
  the 
  east, 
  in 
  the 
  hill 
  region, 
  as 
  in 
  Willard 
  mountain, 
  clear 
  evidence 
  

   of 
  a 
  syncline 
  on 
  such 
  a 
  larger 
  scale. 
  

  

  These 
  folded 
  and 
  crumpled 
  shales 
  are 
  further 
  cut 
  by 
  a 
  very 
  

   regular 
  cleavage 
  and 
  by 
  faults. 
  The 
  cleavage 
  is 
  ever 
  present 
  in 
  

   the 
  folded 
  shale 
  region; 
  the 
  cleavage 
  plane 
  dips 
  nearly 
  always 
  to 
  

   the 
  east, 
  similar 
  to 
  the 
  bedding 
  planes, 
  most 
  frequently 
  intersecting 
  

   the 
  latter 
  at 
  an 
  acute 
  angle. 
  

  

  While 
  the 
  contorted 
  appearance 
  of 
  the 
  shales 
  in 
  consequence 
  of 
  

   the 
  many 
  folds 
  often 
  gives 
  the 
  whole 
  mass 
  the 
  appearance 
  of 
  

   having 
  yielded 
  to 
  the 
  pushing 
  force 
  by 
  simply 
  crumpling 
  up, 
  there 
  

   is 
  also 
  everywhere 
  evidence 
  of 
  a 
  slipping 
  of 
  the 
  rocks 
  along 
  

   innumerable 
  slip 
  planes 
  or 
  small 
  thrust 
  faults. 
  We 
  have 
  already 
  

   mentioned 
  their 
  presence 
  in 
  the 
  eastern 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  little 
  dis- 
  

   turbed 
  Canajoharie 
  shales. 
  In 
  the 
  folded 
  area, 
  however, 
  we 
  

   have 
  met 
  them 
  everywhere. 
  In 
  the 
  good 
  east-west 
  section, 
  for 
  

   instance, 
  which 
  the 
  Batten 
  kill 
  furnishes 
  at 
  Clark 
  Mills, 
  a 
  whole 
  

   series 
  of 
  such 
  faults, 
  about 
  10 
  to 
  20 
  feet 
  distant 
  from 
  each 
  

   other, 
  were 
  observed 
  in 
  the 
  north 
  wall 
  and 
  traced 
  across 
  the 
  river 
  

   bed. 
  They 
  all 
  rise 
  toward 
  the 
  west 
  at 
  angles 
  varying 
  from 
  20 
  

   to 
  45 
  and 
  many 
  are 
  made 
  conspicuous 
  by 
  calcite 
  veins. 
  The 
  throw 
  

   is 
  always 
  small, 
  but 
  the 
  upthrow 
  side 
  is 
  always 
  pushed 
  a 
  little 
  

   to 
  the 
  west. 
  On 
  the 
  west 
  shore 
  of 
  Saratoga 
  lake 
  where 
  the 
  shale 
  

   lies 
  in 
  places 
  nearly 
  flat, 
  one 
  overthrust 
  plane 
  was 
  observed 
  that 
  

   was 
  nearly 
  horizontal; 
  in 
  the 
  cliffs 
  of 
  the 
  southwest 
  shore 
  of 
  the 
  

  

  1 
  Dale 
  p. 
  e. 
  has 
  described 
  Mt 
  Greylock 
  as 
  .a 
  synclinorium. 
  

  

  