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  NEW 
  YORK 
  STATE 
  MUSEUM 
  

  

  north 
  is 
  readily 
  explained 
  by 
  the 
  lack 
  of 
  the 
  shale 
  cover, 
  so 
  that 
  

   any 
  possible 
  carbonated 
  water 
  in 
  the 
  region 
  would 
  become 
  diluted 
  

   and 
  swamped 
  in 
  the 
  general 
  mass 
  of 
  the 
  ground 
  water, 
  which 
  

   would 
  readily 
  work 
  its 
  way 
  downward 
  into 
  the 
  rocks 
  of 
  the 
  region 
  

   and 
  drown 
  out 
  the 
  other 
  water. 
  Of 
  his 
  theory 
  in 
  regard 
  to 
  the 
  

   origin 
  of 
  the 
  carbon 
  dioxid, 
  we 
  shall 
  have 
  more 
  to 
  say 
  shortly. 
  

  

  The 
  shale 
  cover. 
  It 
  is 
  not 
  pretended 
  that 
  the 
  shale 
  cover 
  is 
  

   absolutely 
  impervious 
  to 
  water; 
  in 
  fact 
  it 
  is 
  known 
  not 
  to 
  be. 
  In 
  

   places, 
  especially 
  near 
  its 
  thinned, 
  western 
  edge, 
  where 
  less 
  than 
  

   100 
  feet 
  thick, 
  springs 
  of 
  carbonated 
  water 
  broke 
  through 
  it, 
  aris- 
  

   ing 
  probably 
  along 
  joint 
  cracks. 
  Such 
  cracks 
  are 
  present 
  in 
  all 
  

   shales, 
  especially 
  near 
  the 
  ground 
  surface, 
  and 
  are 
  present 
  here. 
  

   A 
  few 
  furnished 
  channels 
  for 
  rising 
  carbonated 
  waters. 
  Enough 
  

   of 
  them 
  became 
  filled 
  with 
  ground 
  water 
  to 
  transmit 
  the 
  general 
  

   ground 
  water 
  head 
  to 
  the 
  carbonated 
  rock 
  waters 
  beneath, 
  thus 
  

   influencing 
  their 
  direction 
  of 
  movement. 
  The 
  matter 
  is 
  perhaps 
  

   best 
  illustrated 
  by 
  a 
  discussion 
  of 
  the 
  conditions 
  at 
  the 
  South 
  

   Broadway 
  wells. 
  

  

  Inspection 
  of 
  the 
  topographic 
  map 
  will 
  show 
  that 
  the 
  ground 
  

   occupied 
  by 
  the 
  Natural 
  and 
  Lincoln 
  companies 
  a 
  mile 
  south 
  of 
  

   the 
  village 
  along 
  South 
  Broadway, 
  is 
  relatively 
  elevated 
  as 
  com- 
  

   pared 
  with 
  the 
  line 
  of 
  occurrence 
  of 
  the 
  springs 
  in 
  the 
  village, 
  or 
  

   as 
  compared 
  with 
  the 
  springs 
  along 
  Coesa 
  creek. 
  The 
  levels 
  near 
  

   South 
  Broadway 
  are 
  between 
  310 
  and 
  320 
  feet, 
  with 
  a 
  summit 
  

   of 
  something 
  over 
  320 
  feet 
  elevation 
  just 
  east 
  of 
  South 
  Broadway. 
  

   In 
  the 
  village 
  the 
  well 
  heads 
  have 
  a 
  general 
  elevation 
  of 
  280 
  feet, 
  

   which 
  is 
  also 
  the 
  average 
  elevation 
  along 
  Coesa 
  creek. 
  From 
  South 
  

   Broadway 
  the 
  ground 
  level 
  falls 
  both 
  toward 
  the 
  village 
  and 
  

   toward 
  Coesa 
  creek 
  (the 
  normal 
  ground 
  zvater 
  level 
  should 
  also 
  

   fall 
  toward 
  each 
  from 
  a 
  high 
  point 
  on 
  South 
  Broadway), 
  and 
  if 
  

   this 
  ground 
  water 
  head 
  is 
  transmitted 
  down 
  through 
  the 
  shales 
  

   along 
  occasional 
  cracks 
  into 
  the 
  waters 
  contained 
  in 
  the 
  dolomite, 
  

   as 
  seems 
  highly 
  probable, 
  the 
  tendency 
  in 
  these 
  carbonated 
  waters 
  

   would 
  be 
  also 
  to 
  move 
  away 
  from 
  the 
  South 
  Broadway 
  region 
  

   toward 
  the 
  village 
  and 
  toward 
  Coesa 
  creek. 
  That 
  is, 
  the 
  water 
  

   pressures 
  would 
  lend 
  themselves 
  to 
  such 
  a 
  movement 
  of 
  the 
  under- 
  

   ground 
  waters 
  and 
  would 
  oppose 
  a 
  contrary 
  movement. 
  If 
  the 
  

   water 
  head 
  on 
  South 
  Broadway 
  were 
  interfered 
  with 
  and 
  lowered 
  

   by 
  any 
  cause, 
  this 
  natural 
  flow 
  would 
  be 
  correspondingly 
  weakened 
  

   and 
  the 
  water 
  levels 
  in 
  the 
  village 
  and 
  along 
  the 
  east 
  side 
  of 
  Coesa 
  

   creek 
  sympathetically 
  lowered. 
  

  

  