﻿l62 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  STATE 
  MUSEUM 
  

  

  time 
  prior 
  to 
  that, 
  no 
  doubt 
  a 
  very 
  long 
  time. 
  There 
  is 
  much 
  

   natural 
  escape 
  and 
  there 
  are 
  too 
  many 
  outlets 
  to 
  allow 
  us 
  to 
  be- 
  

   lieve 
  that 
  the 
  original 
  supply, 
  however 
  large, 
  could 
  have 
  withstood 
  

   such 
  a 
  steady 
  drain 
  on 
  its 
  resources. 
  We 
  are 
  rather 
  forced 
  to 
  

   the 
  belief 
  that 
  we 
  are 
  dealing 
  with 
  a 
  great, 
  underground 
  water 
  

   circulation 
  in 
  natural 
  equilibrium, 
  inflow 
  and 
  outflow 
  being 
  equal, 
  

   and 
  that 
  the 
  rate 
  of 
  natural 
  outflow 
  measures 
  for 
  us 
  the 
  rate 
  of 
  

   manufacture 
  and 
  of 
  inflow. 
  If 
  this 
  be 
  true, 
  there 
  is 
  not 
  the 
  same 
  

   danger 
  of 
  exhaustion 
  of 
  the 
  supply 
  that 
  there 
  would 
  be 
  in 
  the 
  

   other 
  case. 
  But 
  this 
  is 
  a 
  very 
  different 
  thing 
  from 
  saying 
  that 
  

   the 
  supply 
  is 
  unlimited 
  and 
  can 
  be 
  drawn 
  on 
  indefinitely 
  at 
  a 
  rate 
  

   much 
  in 
  excess 
  of 
  the 
  normal 
  circulation. 
  

  

  The 
  origin 
  of 
  the 
  water. 
  Any 
  discussion 
  of 
  this 
  problem 
  must 
  

   of 
  necessity 
  be 
  almost 
  wholly 
  theoretical. 
  Our 
  lack 
  of 
  definite 
  

   knowledge 
  of 
  too 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  factors 
  is 
  too 
  great 
  to 
  permit 
  it 
  to 
  

   be 
  otherwise. 
  We 
  refer 
  to 
  it 
  at 
  all 
  here 
  only 
  because 
  Professor 
  

   Kemp 
  has 
  exhaustively 
  discussed 
  the 
  problem 
  in 
  Bulletin 
  159, 
  and 
  

   because 
  we 
  wish 
  briefly 
  to 
  consider 
  one 
  or 
  two 
  points 
  made 
  in 
  that 
  

   discussion. 
  A 
  brief 
  synopsis 
  of 
  his 
  argument 
  must 
  precede. 
  

  

  Kemp 
  gives 
  a 
  very 
  exhaustive 
  discussion 
  of 
  the 
  composition 
  of 
  

   the 
  Saratoga 
  waters. 
  Omitting 
  minor 
  constituents, 
  they 
  are 
  char- 
  

   acterized 
  by 
  high 
  content 
  of 
  chlorids 
  and 
  bicarbonates 
  of 
  sodium, 
  

   calcium 
  and 
  magnesium, 
  high 
  content 
  of 
  uncombined 
  carbon 
  dioxid, 
  

   and 
  extremely 
  small 
  content 
  of 
  sulphates. 
  He 
  distinguishes 
  three 
  

   divisions 
  of 
  underground 
  water 
  from 
  the 
  standpoint 
  of 
  origin, 
  

   meteoric 
  waters 
  derived 
  from 
  the 
  rainfall, 
  magmatic 
  waters 
  de- 
  

   rived 
  from 
  cooling 
  igneous 
  rocks, 
  and 
  connate 
  waters, 
  generally 
  

   marine 
  waters 
  buried 
  in 
  the 
  rocks 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  deposit 
  and 
  re- 
  

   tained 
  in 
  them. 
  Then 
  by 
  a 
  process 
  of 
  elimination 
  he 
  rules 
  out 
  

   connate 
  waters 
  as 
  a 
  possible 
  contributing 
  source 
  for 
  the 
  Saratoga 
  

   waters, 
  in 
  whole 
  or 
  part, 
  because 
  they 
  lack 
  sulphates 
  in 
  solution. 
  

   He 
  dismisses 
  meteoric 
  waters 
  as 
  a 
  possible 
  source 
  of 
  the 
  carbon 
  

   dioxid 
  and 
  the 
  chlorids, 
  because 
  we 
  know 
  of 
  no 
  chemical 
  method 
  

   by 
  which 
  they 
  might 
  be 
  produced 
  in 
  such 
  waters 
  in 
  the 
  Saratoga 
  

   region; 
  and 
  he 
  finally 
  concludes 
  that 
  these 
  constituents 
  are 
  there- 
  

   fore 
  likely 
  of 
  magmatic 
  origin. 
  His 
  summing 
  up 
  is 
  as 
  follows 
  : 
  

  

  The 
  explanation 
  which 
  appeals 
  most 
  strongly 
  to 
  the 
  writer 
  is 
  that 
  the 
  

   carbonic 
  acid 
  gas, 
  the 
  chlorids, 
  bromids, 
  iodids, 
  fluorids 
  and 
  sodium 
  car- 
  

   bonate 
  are 
  deep-seated. 
  The 
  sodium 
  carbonate 
  might 
  in 
  part 
  or 
  in 
  whole 
  

   be 
  dissolved 
  from 
  the 
  feldspars 
  in 
  the 
  old 
  crystalline 
  rocks. 
  The 
  carbonated 
  

   waters 
  take 
  on 
  calcium 
  and 
  magnesium 
  carbonates 
  from 
  the 
  limestones 
  

   encountered 
  in 
  their 
  upward 
  journey, 
  more 
  especially 
  from 
  the 
  Little 
  Falls 
  

   dolomite. 
  

  

  