﻿GEOLOGY 
  OF 
  SARATOGA 
  SPRINGS 
  AND 
  VICINITY 
  163 
  

  

  Our 
  purpose 
  here 
  is 
  not 
  at 
  all 
  to 
  express 
  disagreement 
  with 
  these 
  

   views 
  of 
  Kemp. 
  We 
  are 
  not 
  sure 
  that 
  we 
  do 
  disagree 
  with 
  them. 
  

   Kemp 
  has 
  made 
  an 
  important 
  contribution 
  to 
  the 
  geology 
  of 
  the 
  

   mineral 
  waters 
  of 
  the 
  region, 
  by 
  elaborating 
  a 
  definite 
  theory 
  con- 
  

   cerning 
  their 
  origin. 
  We 
  simply 
  wish 
  to 
  emphasize 
  the 
  difficulty 
  

   and 
  complexity 
  of 
  the 
  subject, 
  and 
  our 
  lack 
  of 
  definite 
  data 
  re- 
  

   garding 
  it, 
  and 
  to 
  suggest 
  alternative 
  views 
  in 
  one 
  or 
  two 
  respects. 
  

  

  We 
  feel 
  quite 
  confident, 
  in 
  the 
  first 
  place, 
  that 
  the 
  volcanic 
  knob 
  

   at 
  Northumberland 
  is 
  no 
  evidence 
  whatever 
  of 
  underground 
  

   igneous 
  action, 
  in 
  the 
  general 
  region, 
  of 
  sufficient 
  recency 
  to 
  have 
  

   any 
  bearing 
  on 
  the 
  question 
  of 
  the 
  existence 
  of 
  present-day 
  juvenile 
  

   waters 
  underground. 
  It 
  does 
  not 
  show 
  that 
  such 
  water 
  does 
  not 
  

   exist. 
  But 
  we 
  think 
  that 
  the 
  evidence 
  for 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  such 
  

   water 
  is 
  wholly 
  independent 
  of 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  the 
  plug, 
  and 
  is 
  

   neither 
  strengthened 
  nor 
  weakened 
  by 
  it. 
  

  

  We 
  quite 
  agree 
  that 
  the 
  carbon 
  dioxid 
  and 
  the 
  chlorids 
  have 
  

   a 
  deep-seated 
  source, 
  but 
  we 
  think 
  Ruedemann's 
  suggestion 
  as 
  to 
  

   the 
  possibility 
  of 
  the 
  carbon 
  dioxid 
  arising 
  from 
  deep-seated 
  meta- 
  

   morphism 
  of 
  the 
  rocks 
  is 
  quite 
  worthy 
  of 
  consideration 
  as 
  an 
  al- 
  

   ternative 
  hypothesis 
  to 
  the 
  juvenile 
  one. 
  

  

  The 
  tangential 
  pressures 
  which 
  gave 
  rise 
  to 
  the 
  overthrusts 
  may 
  

   have 
  operated 
  up 
  to 
  very 
  recent 
  times 
  and 
  may 
  still 
  be 
  in 
  opera- 
  

   tion. 
  They 
  must 
  aid 
  in 
  metamorphosing 
  deeply 
  buried 
  sediments. 
  

   In 
  such 
  sediments 
  there 
  is 
  generally 
  much 
  lime, 
  partly 
  as 
  beds 
  of 
  

   pure 
  limestone, 
  partly 
  in 
  impure 
  limestones, 
  calcareous 
  shales 
  and 
  

   calcareous 
  sandstones. 
  In 
  regions 
  of 
  metamorphosed 
  sediments 
  it 
  

   is 
  the 
  common 
  experience 
  to 
  find 
  the 
  limestone 
  formations 
  con- 
  

   verted 
  to 
  marble 
  and 
  retaining 
  all 
  their 
  original 
  carbon 
  dioxid. 
  

   The 
  impure 
  limestones 
  and 
  the 
  calcareous 
  shales, 
  on 
  the 
  contrary, 
  

   recrystallize 
  to 
  schists 
  containing 
  little 
  or 
  no 
  calcium 
  carbonate, 
  

   but 
  much 
  calcium 
  silicate 
  in 
  such 
  minerals 
  as 
  pyroxenes, 
  am- 
  

   phiboles, 
  garnets 
  etc., 
  and 
  we 
  must 
  assume 
  that 
  the 
  calcium 
  has 
  

   been 
  recombined 
  and 
  carbon 
  dioxid 
  set 
  free. 
  Kemp 
  lists 
  this 
  

   process 
  as 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  methods 
  of 
  the 
  manufacture 
  of 
  uncombined 
  

   carbon 
  dioxid 
  below 
  ground, 
  and 
  states 
  its 
  possible 
  applicability 
  

   to 
  the 
  Saratoga 
  region, 
  but 
  dismisses 
  it 
  as, 
  to 
  his 
  mind, 
  less 
  likely 
  

   than 
  an 
  igneous 
  source. 
  But 
  when 
  combined 
  with 
  Ruedemann's 
  

   theory 
  of 
  the 
  eastern 
  source 
  of 
  the 
  water 
  it 
  seems 
  to 
  us 
  to 
  take 
  on 
  

   greater 
  probability 
  and 
  to 
  be 
  worth 
  considering 
  as 
  a 
  source 
  of 
  

   the 
  gas. 
  

  

  Nor 
  do 
  we 
  feel 
  at 
  all 
  certain 
  that 
  connate 
  waters 
  are 
  to 
  be 
  en- 
  

   tirely 
  ruled 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  question. 
  The 
  lack 
  of 
  sulphates 
  in 
  the 
  

  

  