PKOOFS OF SUBMERGENCE 293 



is wider the shore features are more detached; the evidences of submer- 

 gence are not so conspicnons at the summit level and not so readily ap- 

 preciated as effects of standing water. 



It does not seem necessary to repeat here the facts and reason given in 

 the published papers. The summit plain of the uplifted shore features 

 in the Connecticut Valley when projected southward passes high over 

 tJie sound and Long Island, as shown in the map of isobases (plate 10). 

 As far south as Middletown, Connecticut, the pair of heavy gravel bars 

 at Portland are 220 feet above tide, the figure being the theoretic altitude. 



SHORELINES OF THE INNER EDGE 



The evident shore-cliff on the face of the moraine on Staten Island 

 and on the west end of Long Island as far as Lake Surprise, six miles 

 beyond Jamaica, has long been recognized as a possible beach. Fuller 

 s-dw the importance of this scarp as an erosion feature and very clearly 

 describes it under the title, "The great inland cliff of western Long 

 Island.^' Concerning its origin he says (page 54) : 



"That the original scarp was cut in deposits antedating tlie later Wisconsin 

 drift (probably in the Manhasset formation), that it is the result of erosion, 

 that it was subsequently buried by a mantle of late Wisconsin till, and that 

 it has suffered little subsequent erosion seems clear. , . . The range in 

 elevation of the base of the scarp from 240 feet near Lake Success to 60 feet 

 near East New York, which has always been a stumbling block in the way 

 of accepting the theory of its recent marine origin, is due to the natural slope 

 of the outwash plains built against it, the line of contact with these plains 

 being in no sense a warped shoreline. 



"The origin of this scarp appears to be clearly indicated by its topography, 

 every feature of which is duplicated elsewhere on the island under conditions 

 apparently admitting of the absolute determination of its origin. . . . There 

 is little reason to doubt that the inland scarp under discussion is, in its main 

 features, of marine origin, but has been modified by late drift." 



Fuller gives other facts and clearly proves the origin of the cliff. If 

 it was not wholly cut in Post-AA^isconsin time it is sufficient for the pres- 

 ent purpose if it was then standing at sealevel. The slope of the base of 

 the scarp is partly due to land warping, as shown by the map, and partly, 

 as Fuller says, to outwash filling. 



Clean-cut, definite shores along the inner margin of the sand-plain 

 farther east are even more significant and quite as conspicuous on the 

 ground, though less evident on the maps. One of the places in the west- 

 ern part of the island is at Farmingdale. Here the plain abuts abruptly 

 against an advanced outlier of the earlier moraine. Five miles eastward, 

 north of AVyandanch, is a similar contact. fSimilar shorelines may be 



