SUMMARY 307 



inhibiting effect of large volume of sand, the rising of the land, and the 

 tidal variation of water level all conspired to prevent the construction of 

 embankments. The absence of fossils in the sand-plain is to be ex- 

 pected, while the absence in the Hudson deposits was due to the enor- 

 mous flood of fresh water forced southward through the valley during all 

 the time of deep submergence. 



The form and general characters of the depressions and creases over 

 the plain are admittedly not normal drainage features, but are such as 

 would occur on a sand and clayey plain of gentle slope rising out of tidal 

 waters. 



The combination of surficial features of the Long Island plain could 

 not possibly be the product of any subaeriaV processes, but are precisely 

 the effects of standing water. No facts have been found in contradiction 

 of marine submergence. 



Bibliography 



The following list of papers is not intended to fully cover the litera- 

 ture bearing on the geology of Long Island, 1)ut to name the more im- 

 portant writings which l)ear quite directly on the origin of the Long 

 Island coastal plain. The literature up to 1898 is given, with an ad- 

 mirable review in Fuller's paper, number 27, pages 4-20, since which 

 little has been published except the writings of the present author. 



1. W. W. Mather: Geology of the First New York district, 1843, pages 157- 



158. 



2. W. C. Watson : The plains of Long Island. Transactions of the New York 



State Agricultural Society, volume 19, 1859, pages 485-505. 



3. Elias Lewis, Jr. : On the watercourses on Long Island. American Jour- 



nal of Science, volume 13, 1877, pages 142-146. 

 4. : Certain features of the valleys or watercourses of southern Long 



Island. American Journal of Science, volume 13, 1877, pages 215-216. 

 5. : Ups and downs of the Long Island coast. Popular Science 



Monthly, volume 10, 1877, pages 434-446. 



6. J. S. Newberry: The geological history of New York Island and harbor. 



Popular Science Monthly, volume 13. 1878, pages 641-660. 



7. Warren ITpham : The terminal moraine of the North American ice-sheet. 



American .Journal of Science, volume 18, 1879, pages 197-209. 

 8. : Relationship of the glacial lakes Warren, Algonquin, Iroquois, 



and Hudson- Champlain. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 



volume 3, 1892, pages 484-487. 

 9. F. J. H. Merrill : On the geology of Long Island. Annals of the New 



York Academy of Sciences, volume 3, 1884, pages 341-364. 

 10. : Some ancient shorelines and their history. Transactions of the 



New York Academy of Sciences, volume 9, 1890, pages 78-83. 



