MlSSlSSlPPlAN AND PENKSYLVANlAN SANDS 675 



unlike those obtained from quarries at Berea. The Big Injun and Keener 

 sands are as a rule much coarser than the Berea and in fact at places are 

 conglomeratic. Their thickness varies much, but they are always present. 

 Along the line of outcrop these sands are known as the Black Hand con- 

 glomerate and Logan sandstone. 



The Macksburg 500-foot sand does not appear to be persistent. It is 

 at its best in the vicinity of Macksburg, where it was named, and lies 500 

 feet below the valley of Duck Creek. It is coarse-grained sand and in 

 places a source of fine oil wells. The Macksburg 140-foot, or First Cow 

 Eun, sand is the best known of the shallow sands in Ohio. It is a promi- 

 nent source of oil in Morgan, Noble, and Washington counties, but is not 

 very persistent. Its best known field consists of a long, winding strip, 

 nowhere a mile in cross-section, and in one place so narrow that a single 

 row of wells suffices to get the oil. Elsewhere the pools are not so elon- 

 gated. The sand where it produces oil is coarse-grained and drillers count 

 on oil where this texture is found. 



The wells of eastern Ohio have varied in depth from 12 feet to 2,200, 

 and one well of only 38 feet is now being pumped. Shallow wells, and 

 especially those in the Cow Eun sand, are very long lived. Thus one well 

 near Joy, Morgan County, and only 98 feet deep, has yielded oil con- 

 tinuously since 1872, and under artificial pressure now produces 3 barrels 

 of oil per day. Wells in eastern Ohio have nearly all been small, and the 

 records rarely show one having an initial production as high as 500 barrels 

 per day, though as much as 2,400 have been reported. The depths, how- 

 ever, have not been great, and the long life of the wells and the high 

 quality of the oil have made them a source of profit. The oil is of Penn- 

 sylvania grade, excepting a small number of pools, and usually varies from 

 42 to 50° Baume in density. The most common color of the oil is dark 

 green, but in places it is a bright red and elsewhere black. 



In places such as the Cow Eun, Newell Eun, and Moore Junction oil 

 pools, in Washington County, well marked anticlines exist, but in most 

 oil fields in eastern Ohio no such relation is known. However, a careful 

 investigation of the rock structure has not been made in many places 

 where oil has been found. The contour maps of the oil sands which the 

 Federal Survey has been issuing within the past 10 years show that the 

 oil occurs in most places except in synclines, and in the writer's judgment 

 the relation in these areas between oil and rock structure is somewhat 

 obscure. 



Petroleum is obtained from the Huron sandstone, which lies al the top 

 of the Mississippian, in Gibson and Sullivan counties, in southwestern 

 Indiana. Wliile prospecting in this territory had been done in an ir- 



