738 A. W. GRABAU INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK8 



posits, which appeared in 1898, and which were followed by other papers 

 of similar significance. The many important observations contained in 

 the broader studies of Palgrave (1865), Yon Eichthofen (1877), Prje- 

 valsky (1883), Pumpelly (1908), Huntington, and others are all familiar 

 to the modern student of continental sedimentation. 



While Walther and the physiographers were thus placing the study of 

 lithogenesis of the continental deposits on a firm basis, Bailey Willis, in 

 this country, and Thoulet, in France, as well as Walther himself, were 

 directing our attention in greater detail to the sediments forming on the 

 bottom of the sea and along its shores. This field had, however, beeji 

 cultivated for some time by students of modern phenomena, and one need 

 but mention the names of Del esse, Daubre, and Kutot in France; of Ed- 

 ward Forbes, Charles Darwin, J. Y. Buchanan, and W. J. Sollas in 

 England • of Forchhammer, Giimbel, and G. R, Credner in Germany, and 

 of Pourtales and Alexander Agassiz in America, to call attention to some 

 of the chief workers in this field during the middle and closing decades 

 of the nineteenth century. Thoulet's reports to the Paris Academy of 

 Science began to appear with the opening of the new century, but Baile} 

 Willis's studies were contemporaneous with those of Walther. The mas- 

 terly report of Sollas on the Estuary of the Severn appeared in 1883, and 

 that of R. H. Worth on the Bottom Deposits of the English Channel in 

 1899. That Englishmen and Scotsmen should come to pay particular 

 attention to marine deposits and phenomena is but natural, from their 

 position in the embrace of the ocean, and so it is no wonder that many of 

 our' seacoast as well as deep-sea investigations during the closing years 

 of the last and the opening of the present century were made by natives 

 of the British Isles. This was so in the clay of Lyell and Edward Forbes, 

 and it culminated in the volume on deep-sea deposits by Murray and 

 Renard in 1891, and the subsequent works on deep-sea sediments which 

 appeared from the pen of Murray and his collaborators. That many im- 

 portant facts were brought to light by the deep-sea expeditions under 

 Agassiz is well known, but these have not yet resulted in a comprehensive 

 treatise on marine deposits. Here, too, we must mention the work carried 

 on by the Prince of Monaco and his stafi^, and that of the Kommission zur 

 Untersucliung der deutschen Meere. ISTor must we forget the important 

 oceajaographic studies of Kriimmel, which led to the writing of the indis- 

 pensable "Handbook of Oceanography," the first volume of which ap- 

 peared in 1907; and finally we must recount the important investigations 

 made by Walther on the "Sediments of the Bay of N'aples." A disciple 

 of these two masters, Carl Andre, is now actively carrying on the study 



