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  NEW 
  YORK 
  STATE 
  MUSEUM 
  

  

  SAND 
  

  

  The 
  resources 
  of 
  the 
  State 
  in 
  sands 
  adapted 
  for 
  building, 
  

   metallurgical 
  and 
  other 
  uses 
  are 
  extensive 
  and 
  suffice 
  to 
  meet 
  

   most 
  of 
  the 
  local 
  requirements 
  for 
  the 
  material. 
  The 
  building 
  

   and 
  construction 
  trades 
  call 
  for 
  the 
  largest 
  quantity, 
  consuming 
  

   several 
  millions 
  of 
  tons 
  annually 
  of 
  the 
  common 
  grades 
  which 
  

   are 
  obtained 
  in 
  great 
  part 
  within 
  the 
  immediate 
  vicinity 
  of 
  the 
  

   markets. 
  Molding 
  sands, 
  glass 
  sand, 
  furnace 
  sand, 
  fire 
  sand 
  and 
  

   filtration 
  sands 
  are 
  among 
  the 
  other 
  kinds 
  produced, 
  some 
  of 
  

   which 
  are 
  shipped 
  to 
  points 
  without 
  the 
  State. 
  

  

  Building 
  sand. 
  The 
  glacial 
  deposits 
  which 
  are 
  found 
  in 
  nearly 
  

   all 
  sections 
  afford 
  an 
  abundance 
  of 
  sand 
  for 
  building 
  and 
  con- 
  

   struction 
  purposes. 
  The 
  deposits 
  may 
  be 
  mixed 
  with 
  gravel, 
  

   boulders 
  and 
  clay, 
  requiring 
  some 
  preparation 
  of 
  the 
  sand 
  by 
  

   screening 
  or 
  washing 
  before 
  it 
  can 
  be 
  used. 
  Frequently, 
  how- 
  

   ever, 
  the 
  materials 
  have 
  been 
  sorted 
  by 
  natural 
  processes 
  so 
  that 
  

   beds 
  yielding 
  clean 
  and 
  evenly 
  sized 
  sand 
  may 
  be 
  found. 
  The 
  

   supplies 
  of 
  sand 
  used 
  in 
  building 
  operations 
  in 
  Albany 
  and 
  Roch- 
  

   ester 
  are 
  derived 
  from 
  local 
  morainal 
  deposits. 
  Alluvial 
  sand 
  

   found 
  along 
  the 
  stream 
  valleys 
  is 
  employed 
  in 
  miany 
  localities 
  

   in 
  the 
  interior 
  of 
  the 
  State. 
  Beach 
  sand 
  also 
  enters 
  into 
  the 
  

   trade; 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  building 
  sand 
  consumed 
  in 
  New 
  York 
  city 
  

   is 
  obtained 
  from 
  the 
  shores 
  of 
  Long 
  Island, 
  and 
  Buffalo 
  derives 
  

   its 
  supply 
  from 
  the 
  beaches 
  of 
  Lake 
  Erie 
  principally 
  from 
  the 
  

   northern 
  or 
  Canadian 
  shore. 
  

  

  The 
  extent 
  of 
  the 
  trade 
  in 
  building 
  sand 
  is 
  indicated 
  by 
  the 
  

   statistics 
  collected 
  by 
  the 
  United 
  States 
  Geological 
  Survey, 
  ac- 
  

   cording 
  to 
  which 
  the 
  production 
  of 
  New 
  York 
  in 
  1906 
  amounted 
  

   to 
  3,369,194 
  short 
  tons 
  valued 
  at 
  $1,045,844. 
  Large 
  as 
  the 
  total 
  

   is, 
  it 
  perhaps 
  falls 
  short 
  of 
  the 
  actual 
  production, 
  since 
  there 
  is 
  

   great 
  difficulty 
  in 
  obtaining 
  complete 
  information 
  on 
  the 
  subject. 
  

   Little 
  capital 
  is 
  represented 
  in 
  the 
  individual 
  enterprises 
  and 
  

   they 
  are 
  mostly 
  of 
  transitory 
  nature, 
  so 
  that 
  many 
  changes 
  take 
  

   place 
  each 
  year. 
  The 
  intrinsic 
  value 
  of 
  the 
  product, 
  aside 
  from 
  

   the 
  costs 
  of 
  labor 
  and 
  transportation, 
  is 
  small. 
  

  

  Glass 
  sand. 
  For 
  the 
  manufacture 
  of 
  glass, 
  pure 
  quartz 
  sand 
  

   is 
  required. 
  The 
  presence 
  of 
  dark 
  minerals 
  such 
  as 
  magnetite, 
  

   hornblende, 
  biotite, 
  etc., 
  which 
  carry 
  iron, 
  is 
  particularly 
  objec- 
  

   tionable. 
  In 
  the 
  manufacture 
  of 
  window 
  glass 
  and 
  articles 
  of 
  

   common 
  glass, 
  the 
  iron 
  is 
  kept 
  down 
  to 
  a 
  small 
  fraction 
  of 
  one 
  

   per 
  cent, 
  while 
  for 
  the 
  finer 
  grades 
  no 
  more 
  than 
  a 
  trace 
  is 
  

   allowable. 
  

  

  