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  mole 
  (Talpa 
  europaea), 
  but 
  it 
  is 
  difficult 
  to 
  do 
  so. 
  Hedgehogs 
  soon 
  

   succumbed 
  to 
  the 
  climate. 
  Fowls 
  and 
  other 
  birds 
  are 
  not 
  of 
  much 
  use. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  examines 
  at 
  length 
  the 
  question 
  of 
  parasites, 
  and 
  comes 
  

   to 
  the 
  conclusion 
  that 
  parasitic 
  wasps 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  of 
  greater 
  import- 
  

   ance 
  than 
  all 
  the 
  other 
  enemies 
  of 
  this 
  beetle. 
  He 
  mentions, 
  amongst 
  

   others, 
  Scolia 
  carnifex, 
  Coq., 
  and 
  Scolia 
  oryctophaga, 
  Coq., 
  as 
  apparently 
  

   specially 
  suitable, 
  if 
  their 
  introduction 
  can 
  be 
  effected 
  on 
  a 
  large 
  scale. 
  

  

  But 
  all 
  animal 
  enemies 
  appear 
  to 
  yield 
  in 
  importance 
  to 
  a 
  parasitic 
  

   fungus 
  {Metarrhizium 
  anisojoliae), 
  which 
  occurs 
  in 
  the 
  islands, 
  and 
  

   evidently 
  has 
  other 
  hosts 
  besides 
  the 
  Khinoceros 
  Beetle. 
  When 
  the 
  

   author 
  first 
  had 
  a 
  large 
  number 
  of 
  larvae 
  delivered 
  to 
  him, 
  he 
  noticed 
  

   brown 
  spots 
  on 
  some 
  of 
  them. 
  Having 
  isolated 
  these, 
  they 
  died 
  in 
  

   about 
  a 
  week 
  and 
  became 
  completely 
  covered 
  with 
  this 
  fungus. 
  

   Healthy 
  larvae 
  were 
  brought 
  in 
  contact 
  with 
  the 
  bodies, 
  and 
  all 
  suc- 
  

   cumbed. 
  Practically 
  all 
  the 
  larvae 
  in 
  the 
  laboratory 
  became 
  infected, 
  

   and 
  died. 
  The 
  fungus 
  thrives 
  best 
  in 
  moderately 
  damp 
  cultures. 
  A 
  

   trap 
  heap 
  of 
  leaves 
  and 
  rubbish 
  infected 
  with 
  the 
  fungus, 
  has 
  con- 
  

   served 
  its 
  deadly 
  powders 
  for 
  several 
  months, 
  up 
  to 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  writing, 
  

   and 
  has 
  been 
  fatal 
  to 
  every 
  brood 
  in 
  it. 
  The 
  fungus 
  does 
  not 
  prevent 
  

   the 
  beetles 
  from 
  laying 
  their 
  eggs 
  there, 
  which 
  is 
  a 
  most 
  important 
  

   point. 
  The 
  fungus 
  also 
  spreads 
  in 
  the 
  neighbourhood 
  of 
  the 
  heap. 
  

   Experiments 
  have 
  proved 
  that 
  the 
  flying 
  beetles 
  can 
  carry 
  it 
  to 
  other 
  

   breeding 
  grounds. 
  As 
  the 
  thoroughly 
  infected 
  heaps 
  would 
  only 
  

   require 
  a 
  simple 
  examination 
  once 
  every 
  3 
  months 
  (later 
  on 
  once 
  every 
  

   6 
  months), 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  heaps 
  could 
  be 
  increased 
  tenfold. 
  The 
  best 
  

   method 
  is 
  to 
  use 
  cacao 
  pods 
  buried 
  under 
  a 
  layer 
  of 
  earth. 
  Quite 
  

   fresh 
  pods 
  should 
  not 
  be 
  used. 
  The 
  fungus 
  is 
  already 
  in 
  satisfactory 
  

   use 
  on 
  the 
  plantations, 
  and 
  planters 
  have 
  begun 
  to 
  assist 
  its 
  spread. 
  

   A 
  lengthy 
  bibHography 
  of 
  pests 
  of 
  the 
  coconut 
  concludes 
  the 
  paper. 
  

  

  Von 
  Graumnitz 
  (C). 
  Die 
  Blattschneider-Ameisen 
  Sudamerikas. 
  

  

  [Leaf-cutting 
  Ants 
  of 
  S. 
  America.] 
  — 
  Internat. 
  Entom. 
  Zeits., 
  

   Guben, 
  vii, 
  no. 
  35, 
  29th 
  Nov. 
  1913, 
  p. 
  233, 
  & 
  no. 
  36, 
  6th 
  Dec. 
  

   1913, 
  pp. 
  240-242. 
  

  

  The 
  leaf-cutting 
  ants, 
  Atta 
  discigera, 
  A. 
  coronata 
  and 
  A. 
  hystrix, 
  are 
  

   very 
  prevalent 
  in 
  parts 
  of 
  Brazil. 
  The 
  present 
  paper 
  gives 
  a 
  descrip- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  their 
  leaf- 
  cutting 
  habits 
  and 
  the 
  structure 
  of 
  their 
  nests. 
  The 
  

   trees 
  which 
  they 
  most 
  persistently 
  attack 
  are 
  the 
  orange 
  and 
  peach, 
  

   and 
  in 
  the 
  vegetable 
  garden, 
  the 
  cabbage 
  and 
  alhed 
  plants 
  ; 
  they 
  

   attack 
  also 
  ripe 
  bananas, 
  maize, 
  rice, 
  etc. 
  They 
  do 
  not 
  use 
  the 
  leaves 
  

   directly 
  as 
  food, 
  but 
  allow 
  them 
  to 
  rot 
  and 
  thus 
  produce 
  a 
  favourable 
  

   medium 
  for 
  the 
  growth 
  of 
  the 
  fungus, 
  Rozites 
  gongylophora, 
  which 
  is 
  

   their 
  staple 
  article 
  of 
  diet. 
  The 
  nests 
  are 
  underground, 
  and 
  are 
  built 
  

   on 
  a 
  very 
  complicated 
  and 
  ingenious 
  plan 
  ; 
  the 
  eggs 
  are 
  laid 
  in 
  the 
  

   decaying 
  leaves, 
  which 
  form 
  a 
  large 
  porous 
  mass 
  in 
  the 
  nest, 
  rather 
  

   hke 
  a 
  sponge. 
  In 
  this 
  mass 
  are 
  found 
  eggs, 
  larvae, 
  and 
  pupae 
  in 
  all 
  

   stages 
  of 
  development 
  ; 
  the 
  fungus 
  growing 
  on 
  the 
  leaves 
  serves 
  as 
  

   food 
  material 
  for 
  the 
  larvae 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  for 
  the 
  adult 
  ants. 
  The 
  ants 
  

   cultivate 
  this 
  particular 
  fungus 
  very 
  carefully, 
  destroying 
  any 
  other 
  

   kinds 
  of 
  fungi 
  which 
  make 
  their 
  appearance. 
  It 
  is 
  quite 
  common 
  to 
  

   find 
  snakes' 
  eggs 
  amongst 
  the 
  leaves 
  ; 
  the 
  warmth 
  given 
  out 
  by 
  the 
  

  

  