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  damage 
  and 
  its 
  influence 
  on 
  the 
  quality 
  of 
  grain 
  and 
  on 
  human 
  beings 
  

   consuming 
  bread 
  prepared 
  from 
  such 
  flour. 
  He 
  also 
  deals 
  with 
  some 
  

   of 
  the 
  generally 
  applied 
  remedies, 
  mentioning 
  first 
  salt, 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  

   which 
  was 
  recommended 
  even 
  in 
  the 
  eighteenth 
  century. 
  Another 
  

   old 
  remedy 
  is 
  birch-tar, 
  and 
  the 
  author 
  has 
  satisfied 
  himself 
  by 
  

   experiments 
  conducted 
  some 
  8 
  years 
  ago, 
  that 
  this 
  substance 
  does 
  

   not 
  in 
  any 
  way 
  interfere 
  with 
  the 
  quality 
  of 
  bread 
  obtained 
  from 
  

   grain 
  subjected 
  to 
  its 
  influence, 
  no 
  smell 
  or 
  flavour 
  remaining. 
  

   Some 
  experiments 
  by 
  A. 
  I. 
  Dobrodeev 
  have 
  shown 
  that 
  Calandra 
  

   granaria 
  although 
  remaining 
  alive 
  for 
  some 
  considerable 
  time 
  when 
  

   exposed 
  to 
  the 
  emanations 
  from 
  tar, 
  are 
  unable 
  to 
  feed 
  or 
  copulate, 
  

   and 
  mostly 
  remain 
  lying 
  motionless 
  on 
  their 
  backs 
  ; 
  Anohium 
  panicemn 
  

   is 
  better 
  able 
  to 
  withstand 
  its 
  influence. 
  

  

  A 
  still 
  better 
  remedy 
  than 
  tar 
  is 
  naphthalene, 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  which 
  has 
  

   also 
  been 
  recommended 
  by 
  the 
  author 
  since 
  1905, 
  and 
  this 
  is 
  now 
  con- 
  

   sidered 
  in 
  Australia 
  to 
  be 
  the 
  principal 
  preventive 
  remedy. 
  When 
  

   used 
  in 
  small 
  doses 
  (small 
  bags 
  containing 
  about 
  J 
  lb. 
  of 
  naphthalene 
  

   each, 
  put 
  on 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  flour) 
  and 
  especially 
  when 
  apphed 
  to 
  

   grain, 
  it 
  keeps 
  away 
  the 
  insects 
  and 
  leaves 
  no 
  disagreeable 
  taste 
  in 
  

   the 
  bread 
  prepared 
  from 
  such 
  grain 
  or 
  flour. 
  The 
  author 
  describes 
  

   some 
  experiments 
  conducted 
  on 
  Sitotroga 
  cerealella, 
  Anohium 
  paniceum 
  

   and 
  Calandra 
  granaria 
  with 
  naphthalene, 
  which 
  show 
  that 
  all 
  these 
  

   insects 
  ultimately 
  perish 
  after 
  being 
  subjected 
  to 
  its 
  emanations 
  for 
  

   a 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  considerable 
  period, 
  remaining 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  time 
  in 
  a 
  

   state 
  of 
  collapse. 
  The 
  methods 
  of 
  applying 
  carbon 
  bisulphide 
  and 
  

   hydrocyanic 
  acid 
  are 
  also 
  fully 
  described. 
  

  

  A 
  description 
  is 
  given 
  of 
  the 
  following 
  beetles 
  and 
  their 
  various 
  

   stages, 
  together 
  with 
  an 
  account 
  of 
  their 
  habits 
  and 
  the 
  damage 
  done 
  

   by 
  them 
  : 
  — 
  Calandra 
  granaria, 
  L., 
  C. 
  oryzae, 
  L., 
  Anohium 
  paniceum, 
  L., 
  

   Ptinusfur, 
  L., 
  Tenehrio 
  nioUtor, 
  L., 
  Triholium 
  confusuni, 
  Duv,, 
  GnatJio- 
  

   cerus 
  cornutus, 
  F., 
  and 
  Silvanus 
  surinamensis, 
  L. 
  In 
  addition 
  to 
  the 
  

   usual 
  remedial 
  measures, 
  mention 
  is 
  made 
  of 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  sheep 
  skins, 
  

   which 
  are 
  spread 
  in 
  the 
  evening 
  on 
  the 
  stored 
  grain 
  ; 
  the 
  insects 
  settle 
  

   on 
  them 
  and 
  become 
  entangled 
  in 
  the 
  wool, 
  so 
  that 
  they 
  can 
  be 
  

   destroyed 
  in 
  the 
  morning. 
  

  

  Besides 
  the 
  above 
  insects, 
  there 
  were 
  frequently 
  sent 
  to 
  the 
  Bureau 
  

   samples 
  of 
  damaged 
  flour 
  containing 
  other 
  species 
  which 
  evidently 
  

   did 
  not 
  cause 
  serious 
  injury 
  to 
  the 
  flour, 
  such 
  as 
  Enicmus 
  minutus, 
  L., 
  

   Lathridius 
  hergrothi, 
  Reit., 
  etc. 
  There 
  were 
  also 
  found 
  very 
  frequently, 
  

   and 
  sometimes 
  in 
  large 
  numbers, 
  the 
  imagos 
  and 
  lar\-ae 
  of 
  Laemo- 
  

   phheus 
  testaceus, 
  F., 
  which 
  some 
  authors 
  (Curtis) 
  regard 
  as 
  injurious 
  

   to 
  grain, 
  while 
  others 
  (Ferris) 
  consider 
  it 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  rapacious 
  insect. 
  

   Tenebroides 
  muuritanicus, 
  1j., 
  is 
  both 
  injurious 
  to 
  grain 
  and 
  useful 
  in 
  

   destroying 
  some 
  other 
  insects 
  there 
  ; 
  it 
  damages 
  much 
  more 
  than 
  is 
  

   necessary 
  for 
  its 
  food 
  by 
  devouring 
  the 
  embryo 
  of 
  the 
  grain. 
  

  

  Amongst 
  the 
  moths, 
  Sitotroga 
  cerealella, 
  OHv., 
  is 
  specially 
  injurious 
  

   in 
  many 
  parts 
  of 
  Caucasia 
  and 
  Transcaucasia 
  ; 
  in 
  the 
  western 
  parts 
  

   of 
  the 
  government 
  of 
  Kutais, 
  in 
  some 
  years 
  it 
  has 
  destroyed 
  the 
  whole 
  

   harvest 
  of 
  maize 
  ; 
  besides 
  which 
  it 
  attacks 
  also 
  wheat, 
  rye, 
  and 
  barley. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  describes 
  the 
  Hfe-habits 
  of 
  this 
  pest 
  as 
  recorded 
  by 
  

  

  