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  injury. 
  Then 
  the 
  total 
  number 
  of 
  injurious 
  marks, 
  divided 
  by 
  the 
  

   total 
  number 
  of 
  objects 
  examined, 
  multiplied 
  by 
  100, 
  gives 
  the 
  per- 
  

   centage 
  of 
  infestation. 
  If 
  it 
  is 
  wished 
  to 
  follow 
  the 
  observations 
  by 
  

   others 
  during 
  the 
  same 
  season, 
  to 
  observe 
  the 
  progress 
  of 
  infestation, 
  

   stakes 
  or 
  markers 
  should 
  be 
  used, 
  so 
  that 
  the 
  same 
  area 
  or 
  ground 
  is 
  

   covered 
  each 
  time. 
  Tables 
  are 
  given 
  for 
  estimating 
  egg, 
  larval, 
  or 
  

   adult 
  abundance 
  to 
  an 
  acre, 
  and 
  for 
  making 
  estimates 
  on 
  nursery 
  

   stock 
  rows, 
  gooseberries, 
  currants, 
  raspberries, 
  or 
  such 
  like 
  bush-fniits, 
  

   and 
  for 
  use 
  with 
  trees 
  set 
  on 
  the 
  square-planting 
  plan, 
  corn-hills 
  and 
  

   tomato 
  plants. 
  These 
  methods 
  may 
  prove 
  of 
  practical 
  use 
  to 
  the 
  

   working 
  field 
  inspector. 
  

  

  RuHMAN 
  (M. 
  H.). 
  The 
  importance 
  of 
  Economic 
  Entomology 
  as 
  a 
  

   Subject 
  of 
  Education. 
  — 
  Proc. 
  Entom. 
  Soc. 
  Br. 
  Columbia, 
  Victoria, 
  

   B.C., 
  no. 
  3, 
  N.S., 
  1913, 
  pp. 
  27-28. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  stated 
  that 
  50 
  per 
  cent, 
  of 
  the 
  insect 
  pests 
  of 
  the 
  United 
  States 
  

   are 
  introduced 
  species. 
  The 
  very 
  rigid 
  inspection 
  of 
  nursery 
  stock, 
  

   plants, 
  and 
  fruit 
  enforced 
  in 
  Canada, 
  makes 
  it 
  almost 
  impossible 
  for 
  

   insect 
  pests 
  to 
  be 
  introduced 
  through 
  these 
  channels, 
  but 
  the 
  trades- 
  

   man 
  may 
  leave 
  the 
  packing 
  material 
  of 
  imported 
  products 
  lying 
  about, 
  

   and 
  farmers 
  and 
  fruit-growers 
  do 
  likewise. 
  Most 
  of 
  the 
  latter 
  have 
  

   not 
  the 
  elementary 
  knowledge 
  and 
  power 
  of 
  observation 
  to 
  make 
  the 
  

   best 
  use 
  of 
  the 
  advice 
  now 
  obtainable 
  concerning 
  the 
  control 
  of 
  pests. 
  

  

  Day 
  (G. 
  0.). 
  President's 
  Address. 
  — 
  Proc. 
  Entom. 
  Soc. 
  Br. 
  Columbia, 
  

   Victoria, 
  B.C., 
  no. 
  3, 
  N.S., 
  1913, 
  pp. 
  29-30. 
  

  

  Stress 
  is 
  laid 
  on 
  the 
  importance 
  of 
  Systematic 
  Entomology 
  in 
  this 
  

   address, 
  the 
  speaker 
  pleading 
  for 
  the 
  amalgamation 
  of 
  the 
  economic 
  

   and 
  systematic 
  sides 
  of 
  the 
  subject. 
  

  

  Palmer 
  (L. 
  L.). 
  Some 
  problems 
  in 
  Aphis-control. 
  — 
  Proc. 
  Entom. 
  Soc. 
  

   Br. 
  Columbia, 
  Victoria, 
  B.C., 
  no. 
  3, 
  N.S., 
  1913, 
  pp. 
  31-34. 
  

  

  There 
  is 
  not 
  a 
  single 
  operation 
  in 
  the 
  proper 
  care 
  of 
  orchards 
  that 
  

   may 
  not 
  influence 
  the 
  fruit 
  produced, 
  and 
  no 
  fruit-grower 
  can 
  afford 
  

   to 
  allow 
  any 
  insect 
  pest 
  which, 
  directly 
  or 
  indirectly, 
  injures 
  the 
  

   quality 
  of 
  the 
  product, 
  to 
  go 
  uncontrolled. 
  If 
  the 
  cost 
  of 
  production 
  

   is 
  too 
  high, 
  the 
  grower 
  must 
  reduce 
  it, 
  not 
  by 
  neglect 
  of 
  any 
  single 
  

   operation, 
  but 
  by 
  making 
  one 
  operation 
  aid 
  another, 
  by 
  more 
  thorough 
  

   work 
  in 
  fewer 
  operations. 
  In 
  dealing 
  with 
  orchards 
  infested 
  with 
  

   woolly 
  and 
  green 
  apple-aphis 
  and 
  scale 
  insects, 
  it 
  is 
  possible 
  to 
  work 
  so 
  

   thoroughly 
  as 
  to 
  kill 
  the 
  one 
  which 
  is 
  doing 
  the 
  most 
  damage, 
  or 
  the 
  

   two 
  which 
  are 
  of 
  greatest 
  economic 
  importance, 
  and 
  also 
  very 
  effectu- 
  

   ally 
  check 
  the 
  third. 
  For 
  instance, 
  a 
  spray 
  of 
  1 
  part 
  concentrated 
  

   lime-sulphur 
  in 
  9 
  parts 
  water, 
  with 
  the 
  addition 
  of 
  1 
  part 
  Black 
  Leaf 
  

   40 
  to 
  every 
  800 
  parts 
  of 
  solution, 
  applied 
  with 
  a 
  power 
  sprayer 
  and 
  a 
  

   pressure 
  of 
  at 
  least 
  175 
  lb., 
  previous 
  to 
  the 
  opening 
  of 
  the 
  leaf 
  -buds 
  m 
  

   early 
  spring, 
  should 
  kill 
  all 
  over- 
  winter 
  woolly 
  aphis 
  above 
  ground, 
  

   as 
  well 
  as 
  oyster-shell 
  scale, 
  w^hen 
  thoroughly 
  brought 
  in 
  contact 
  with 
  

  

  