﻿Felt 
  (E. 
  P.). 
  The 
  use 
  of 
  oils 
  on 
  dormant 
  trees. 
  — 
  Twenty 
  -eighth 
  

   Report 
  of 
  the 
  State 
  Entomologist, 
  1912, 
  N.Y. 
  State 
  Mus.^ 
  

   Albany, 
  New 
  York, 
  Bull 
  no. 
  165, 
  15th 
  July 
  1913, 
  pp. 
  83-92. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  says 
  that 
  the 
  spraying 
  of 
  dormant 
  trees 
  with 
  oils, 
  

   especially 
  mineral 
  oils, 
  is 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  more 
  recent 
  developments 
  of 
  insect 
  

   control, 
  and 
  it 
  has 
  been 
  said 
  by 
  enthusiasts 
  that 
  the 
  application 
  is 
  

   harmless. 
  He 
  gives 
  examples 
  showing 
  that 
  there 
  are 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  so- 
  

   called 
  miscible 
  oil 
  preparations 
  on 
  the 
  market 
  the 
  careless 
  use 
  of 
  which 
  

   is 
  attended 
  with 
  danger, 
  and 
  he 
  summarises 
  his 
  conclusions 
  as 
  follows 
  : 
  — 
  

  

  The 
  use 
  of 
  oils 
  or 
  oil 
  preparations 
  on 
  dormant 
  trees 
  has 
  been 
  fol- 
  

   lowed 
  in 
  several 
  cases 
  by 
  severe 
  injury. 
  Trees, 
  as 
  living 
  organisms, 
  

   respond 
  to 
  climatic 
  and 
  cultural 
  conditions, 
  and 
  as 
  a 
  consequence 
  

   their 
  power 
  of 
  resisting 
  penetration 
  and 
  injury 
  by 
  oils 
  undoubtedly 
  

   varies 
  with 
  the 
  season, 
  and 
  probably 
  with 
  age, 
  from 
  year 
  to 
  year. 
  

   Since 
  certain 
  weather 
  conditions 
  promote 
  injury 
  by 
  oils, 
  it 
  appears 
  

   impossible 
  to 
  be 
  sure 
  that 
  deleterious 
  effects 
  may 
  not 
  follow 
  the 
  

   spraying 
  of 
  dormant 
  trees 
  with 
  an 
  oil 
  preparation. 
  Autumn 
  

   treatment 
  with 
  oil 
  appears 
  to 
  be 
  more 
  hazardous 
  than 
  spring 
  appli- 
  

   cations. 
  Other 
  things 
  being 
  equal, 
  the 
  author 
  believes 
  that 
  there 
  is 
  

   less 
  danger 
  of 
  penetration 
  by 
  oil, 
  and 
  consequent 
  injury, 
  if 
  the 
  appli- 
  

   cations 
  are 
  made 
  in 
  the 
  spring, 
  shortly 
  before 
  active 
  growth 
  begins, 
  

   as 
  there 
  is 
  then 
  likely 
  to 
  be 
  greater 
  resistance 
  to 
  the 
  entrance 
  of 
  oil^ 
  

   or 
  more 
  rapid 
  renewal 
  of 
  necessary 
  vital 
  tissues 
  that 
  may 
  be 
  destroyed 
  

   by 
  it. 
  

  

  Shevirev 
  (I.). 
  Oviposition 
  in 
  Ichneumon 
  Flies. 
  — 
  Jl 
  R. 
  Micr. 
  Soc, 
  

   London, 
  pt. 
  4, 
  Aug. 
  1913, 
  p. 
  385. 
  

  

  Iv. 
  Shevirev 
  has 
  experimented 
  with 
  Pimpla 
  instigator 
  and 
  other 
  

   species, 
  to 
  which 
  he 
  gave 
  pupae 
  of 
  different 
  sizes, 
  e.g., 
  of 
  Sphinx 
  and 
  

   of 
  Pieris. 
  If 
  only 
  large 
  pupae 
  are 
  supplied 
  the 
  progeny 
  will 
  be 
  

   almost 
  wholly 
  female 
  ; 
  by 
  supplying 
  only 
  small 
  pupae, 
  the 
  female 
  

   offspring 
  can 
  be 
  practically 
  eliminated. 
  It 
  appears 
  as 
  if 
  the 
  females, 
  

   hke 
  queen-bees, 
  adjusted 
  the 
  kind 
  of 
  egg 
  laid 
  to 
  the 
  nutritive 
  condi- 
  

   tions 
  available. 
  In 
  another 
  paper 
  (C.R. 
  Soc. 
  Biol. 
  Paris, 
  Lxxiv, 
  

   J 
  913, 
  pp. 
  698-9) 
  the 
  author 
  refers 
  to 
  parthenogenetic 
  females. 
  While 
  

   the 
  fecundated 
  females 
  lay 
  eggs 
  which 
  develop 
  into 
  both 
  sexes, 
  those 
  

   laid 
  by 
  virgin 
  females 
  produce 
  males 
  only. 
  In 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  the 
  fecun- 
  

   dated 
  females, 
  the 
  eggs 
  which 
  produce 
  males 
  are 
  unfertilised 
  eggs. 
  

  

  Herrick 
  (G. 
  W.). 
  Control 
  of 
  two 
  Elm-tree 
  pests. 
  — 
  Cornell 
  University^ 
  

   Agric. 
  Exp. 
  Sta., 
  Coll 
  Agric, 
  Dept. 
  Entom., 
  Ithaca, 
  N. 
  Y., 
  Bull 
  333, 
  

   May 
  1913, 
  pp. 
  491-512, 
  19 
  figs. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  reports 
  in 
  detail 
  successful 
  operations 
  against 
  the 
  elm 
  

   leaf 
  -beetle 
  (Galerucella 
  luteola, 
  Mull.), 
  and 
  the 
  ehn 
  leaf-miner 
  (Kalio- 
  

   sysphinga 
  ulmi, 
  Sund.) 
  Arsenicals 
  were 
  employed 
  against 
  the 
  former 
  

   pest 
  and 
  " 
  Blackleaf 
  40 
  " 
  tobacco 
  extract 
  against 
  the 
  latter. 
  The 
  

   author 
  recommends 
  that 
  in 
  planting 
  shade 
  trees 
  adjacent 
  streets 
  

   should 
  be 
  planted 
  with 
  different 
  species, 
  as 
  thus 
  an 
  outbreak 
  of 
  any 
  

   single 
  pest 
  can 
  be 
  easily 
  checked 
  and 
  controlled. 
  * 
  

  

  