﻿76 
  

  

  Crimea 
  in 
  1862, 
  spreading 
  in 
  the 
  seventies 
  of 
  the 
  last 
  century 
  to 
  Sotchi 
  

  

  and 
  thence 
  to 
  Transcaucasia. 
  As 
  to 
  European 
  Russia, 
  the 
  special 
  

  

  investigations 
  conducted 
  by 
  the 
  Ministry 
  of 
  Agriculture 
  in 
  1896 
  in 
  the 
  

  

  Governments 
  of 
  Bessarabia, 
  Cherson, 
  Podolia, 
  Ekaterinoslav, 
  Taurida, 
  

  

  Charkov, 
  Poltava, 
  Kiev, 
  Volhynia, 
  Tchernigov, 
  Kursk, 
  Orel, 
  Smolensk, 
  

  

  Mohvlev, 
  Poland, 
  and 
  the 
  Don 
  district, 
  showed 
  a 
  total 
  absence 
  of 
  the 
  

  

  insects 
  in 
  those 
  areas, 
  its 
  habitat 
  being 
  thus 
  hmited 
  to 
  the 
  Crimea 
  

  

  and 
  the 
  Caucasus 
  ; 
  indeed, 
  fruit-growers 
  in 
  South- 
  Western 
  Russia 
  

  

  have 
  often 
  received 
  young 
  apple 
  trees 
  infested 
  with 
  these 
  plant-lice, 
  

  

  but 
  the 
  latter 
  have 
  disappeared. 
  The 
  author 
  quotes 
  Mokrzecki, 
  

  

  according 
  to 
  whom 
  these 
  lice 
  are 
  less 
  injurious 
  in 
  the 
  Crimea 
  than 
  in 
  

  

  Western 
  Europe, 
  which 
  he 
  explains 
  by 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  in 
  the 
  former 
  

  

  country 
  the 
  development 
  of 
  the 
  pests 
  is 
  checked 
  by 
  the 
  unfavourable 
  

  

  weather 
  conditions, 
  which 
  the 
  insects 
  meet 
  with 
  in 
  a 
  greater 
  degree 
  

  

  the 
  further 
  they 
  move 
  towards 
  the 
  east. 
  Other 
  authors, 
  however, 
  

  

  consider 
  these 
  lice 
  to 
  be 
  very 
  injurious, 
  and 
  Rollov, 
  who 
  studied 
  the 
  

  

  insects 
  of 
  the 
  Caucasus, 
  gives 
  instances 
  of 
  young 
  trees 
  attacked 
  by 
  

  

  E. 
  lanigerum, 
  perishing 
  in 
  two 
  to 
  three 
  years, 
  while 
  the 
  yield 
  of 
  fruit 
  on 
  

  

  older 
  trees 
  attacked 
  was 
  gradually 
  reduced 
  to 
  nothing. 
  In 
  1896 
  

  

  .special 
  regulations 
  were 
  issued 
  in 
  the 
  Crimea 
  as 
  to 
  the 
  fighting 
  of 
  

  

  E. 
  lanigerum 
  ; 
  these 
  regulations 
  empowered 
  the 
  District 
  Zemstvo 
  

  

  of 
  Simferopol 
  to 
  deal 
  with 
  this 
  question 
  through 
  a 
  special 
  committee 
  

  

  appointed 
  by 
  the 
  Zemstvo 
  and 
  special 
  superintendents 
  in 
  various 
  

  

  districts 
  ; 
  they 
  made 
  the 
  notification 
  of 
  the 
  appearance 
  of 
  these 
  pests 
  

  

  compulsory 
  upon 
  the 
  owner 
  of 
  an 
  orchard, 
  and 
  while 
  leaving 
  to 
  him 
  

  

  the 
  selection 
  of 
  proper 
  remedies, 
  empowered 
  the 
  district 
  superintendent 
  

  

  to 
  act 
  on 
  account 
  of 
  the 
  owner 
  in 
  case 
  the 
  latter 
  failed 
  to 
  take 
  the 
  

  

  necessary 
  measures, 
  or 
  if 
  the 
  remedies 
  appHed 
  by 
  him 
  proved 
  of 
  no 
  

  

  effect. 
  They 
  further 
  prohibited 
  the 
  sale 
  and 
  export 
  of 
  trees 
  from 
  

  

  nurseries 
  attacked 
  by 
  the 
  pests, 
  and 
  authorised 
  the 
  Zemstvo 
  to 
  destroy 
  

  

  trees 
  which, 
  in 
  the 
  opinion 
  of 
  the 
  district 
  superintendent, 
  could 
  not 
  

  

  be 
  saved. 
  

  

  As 
  to 
  Turkestan, 
  the 
  appearance 
  of 
  E. 
  lanigerum 
  was 
  mentioned 
  in 
  

   the 
  report 
  of 
  Plotnikov 
  for 
  1911, 
  and 
  although 
  the 
  injuries 
  done 
  by 
  

   them 
  are 
  less 
  than 
  those 
  done 
  by 
  other 
  sucking 
  insect 
  pests, 
  there 
  are 
  

   signs 
  that 
  they 
  are 
  increasing, 
  and 
  they 
  may 
  prove 
  very 
  injurious 
  in 
  

   the 
  near 
  future. 
  The 
  author 
  thinks 
  that 
  it 
  would 
  be 
  premature 
  to 
  

   compel 
  the 
  native 
  population 
  to 
  take 
  drastic 
  measures 
  against 
  these 
  

   lice, 
  as 
  this 
  may 
  have 
  an 
  opposite 
  effect, 
  by 
  creating 
  mistrust 
  of 
  the 
  

   entomological 
  organisations 
  of 
  the 
  country, 
  which, 
  up 
  till 
  now, 
  have 
  

   been 
  able 
  to 
  interest 
  the 
  native 
  population 
  in 
  their 
  activity. 
  He 
  

   addresses 
  himself 
  to 
  the 
  Russian 
  population, 
  urging 
  the 
  necessity 
  

   of 
  applying 
  energetic 
  remedies 
  during 
  the 
  coming 
  winter. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  goes 
  on 
  to 
  describe 
  the 
  insect 
  in 
  its 
  various 
  forms, 
  and 
  

   its 
  bionomics, 
  and 
  points 
  out 
  that 
  there 
  are 
  no 
  parasites 
  known 
  to 
  

   destroy 
  them. 
  Their 
  known 
  enemies 
  are 
  the 
  larvae 
  of 
  some 
  rapacious 
  

   beetles, 
  especially 
  lady-birds, 
  and 
  he 
  quotes 
  a 
  statement 
  by 
  Shevirev, 
  

   who 
  observed 
  the 
  destruction 
  of 
  whole 
  colonies 
  by 
  the 
  larvae 
  of 
  

   Euproctis 
  chrysorrhea. 
  

  

  As 
  preventive 
  measures 
  he 
  suggests 
  the 
  disinfection 
  of 
  nursery 
  stock 
  

   with 
  carbon 
  bisulphide, 
  describing 
  the 
  method 
  of 
  application, 
  and 
  also 
  

   the 
  keeping 
  of 
  the 
  trees 
  in 
  a 
  clean 
  healthy 
  state 
  by 
  scraping 
  off 
  the 
  

   ■dead 
  bark, 
  smearing 
  with 
  milk 
  of 
  Hme, 
  manuring 
  of 
  slow-growing 
  

  

  