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  60 
  to 
  200, 
  placed 
  in 
  exposed 
  situations 
  by 
  the 
  wingless 
  females 
  which 
  

   emerge 
  from 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  October 
  to 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  December. 
  The 
  

   use 
  of 
  bands 
  around 
  the 
  tree-trunk, 
  placed 
  in 
  September 
  and 
  October, 
  

   has 
  been 
  recommended 
  to 
  trap 
  the 
  females 
  as 
  they 
  ascend 
  the 
  trunks 
  

   to 
  deposit 
  their 
  eggs. 
  

  

  The 
  use 
  of 
  distillate 
  emulsion 
  for 
  spraying 
  for 
  the 
  black 
  scale 
  on 
  

   olive 
  is 
  recommended 
  by 
  E. 
  0. 
  Essig, 
  his 
  formula 
  being 
  20 
  gals, 
  of 
  

   distillate 
  (28 
  degrees 
  Baume), 
  30 
  pounds 
  of 
  whale-oil 
  soap 
  and 
  12 
  

   gallons 
  of 
  water 
  ; 
  dissolve 
  the 
  whale-oil 
  soap 
  in 
  the 
  water, 
  heating 
  it 
  

   to 
  the 
  boiling 
  point, 
  add 
  the 
  distillate 
  and 
  agitate 
  thoroughly 
  while 
  

   the 
  solution 
  is 
  hot 
  ; 
  for 
  use, 
  add 
  20 
  gals, 
  of 
  water 
  to 
  each 
  gallon 
  of 
  the 
  

   above 
  mixture. 
  The 
  crude 
  oil 
  emulsion 
  (formula 
  given 
  below) 
  is 
  also 
  

   recommended. 
  For 
  the 
  brown 
  apricot 
  scale, 
  Essig 
  recommends 
  spray- 
  

   ing 
  with 
  caustic 
  soda 
  and 
  distillate, 
  or 
  distillate 
  emulsion 
  and 
  crude 
  

   oil 
  emulsion, 
  when 
  the 
  trees 
  are 
  dormant. 
  The 
  formula 
  for 
  the 
  distillate 
  

   emulsion 
  is 
  the 
  same 
  as 
  that 
  for 
  the 
  black 
  scale. 
  The 
  formula 
  for 
  the 
  

   caustic 
  soda 
  mixture 
  is 
  : 
  Water, 
  200 
  gals. 
  ; 
  caustic 
  soda 
  (95 
  percent.), 
  

   7 
  lb. 
  ; 
  and 
  10 
  gals, 
  of 
  distillate 
  (28 
  degrees 
  Baume). 
  Fill 
  the 
  spray 
  tank 
  

   with 
  the 
  required 
  amount 
  of 
  w^ater, 
  add 
  the 
  caustic 
  soda 
  which 
  has 
  

   been 
  dissolved 
  in 
  a 
  small 
  amount 
  of 
  Avater, 
  and 
  then 
  add 
  the 
  distillate 
  ; 
  

   keep 
  the 
  agitator 
  going 
  rapidly 
  while 
  applying 
  the 
  spray. 
  For 
  the 
  

   crude 
  oil 
  emulsion 
  the 
  formula 
  is 
  : 
  Water, 
  175 
  gals. 
  ; 
  liquid 
  soap, 
  3 
  gals. 
  ; 
  

   and 
  crude 
  oil 
  (direct 
  from 
  wells) 
  25 
  gals. 
  Fill 
  the 
  spray 
  tank 
  with 
  

   water, 
  add 
  the 
  liquid 
  soap, 
  agitate 
  for 
  one 
  minute, 
  then 
  add 
  the 
  crude 
  

   oil, 
  continuing 
  the 
  agitation 
  while 
  the 
  spray 
  is 
  being 
  applied. 
  

   Fumigation 
  is 
  also 
  recommended 
  as 
  soon 
  as 
  possible 
  after 
  the 
  young 
  

   scales 
  are 
  hatched. 
  Three-fourths 
  or 
  even 
  half 
  of 
  the 
  regular 
  schedule 
  

   No. 
  1 
  may 
  be 
  used, 
  a 
  two-thirds 
  dosage 
  appearing 
  to 
  do 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  a 
  

   full 
  dosage. 
  

  

  Among 
  the 
  cereal 
  and 
  forage 
  crop 
  insects, 
  the 
  clover 
  seed 
  Chalcid 
  

   {Bruchophagus 
  funebris, 
  How.) 
  is 
  reported 
  as 
  a 
  serious 
  pest. 
  This 
  

   Chalcid 
  will 
  infest 
  the 
  seed 
  of 
  red 
  and 
  crimson 
  clover, 
  besides 
  alfalfa, 
  

   a 
  favourite 
  host 
  ; 
  they 
  feed 
  on 
  the 
  substance 
  of 
  the 
  seed 
  and 
  often 
  

   totally 
  destroy 
  the 
  contents. 
  The 
  eggs 
  are 
  deposited 
  in 
  the 
  seeds. 
  

   The 
  adults 
  do 
  not 
  emerge 
  from 
  the 
  seeds 
  till 
  the 
  following 
  spring 
  or 
  

   early 
  summer. 
  Remedies 
  for 
  this 
  pest 
  are 
  in 
  an 
  experimental 
  stage. 
  

   Professor 
  F. 
  M. 
  Webster 
  suggests 
  as 
  a 
  preventive 
  measure 
  the 
  destruction 
  

   of 
  all 
  outstanding 
  alfalfa 
  plants 
  in 
  the 
  autumn, 
  the 
  chaff 
  and 
  stems 
  to 
  be 
  

   burned. 
  Delaying 
  the 
  seed 
  crop 
  by 
  early 
  pasturing 
  or 
  clipping 
  of 
  the 
  

   first 
  growth 
  in 
  the 
  spring 
  until 
  the 
  seed 
  Chalcid 
  has 
  done 
  most 
  of 
  its 
  

   destructive 
  work, 
  promises 
  to 
  be 
  useful 
  as 
  a 
  control 
  measure. 
  

  

  For 
  the 
  destruction 
  of 
  locusts 
  or 
  grasshoppers 
  a 
  mixture 
  used 
  by 
  the 
  

   Government 
  of 
  South 
  Africa 
  is 
  recommended. 
  This 
  consists 
  of 
  one 
  

   gallon 
  of 
  treacle 
  mixed 
  with 
  one 
  half 
  gallon 
  watery 
  solution 
  of 
  arsenite 
  

   of 
  soda 
  (69 
  per 
  cent, 
  white 
  arsenic). 
  This 
  mixture 
  is 
  diluted 
  for 
  newly- 
  

   hatched 
  locusts 
  to 
  one 
  part 
  to 
  66 
  of 
  water 
  ; 
  when 
  used 
  against 
  locusts 
  

   two 
  weeks 
  old, 
  it 
  is 
  diluted 
  one 
  part 
  to 
  50 
  of 
  water. 
  Where 
  the 
  

   appHcation 
  is 
  made 
  in 
  fields 
  not 
  accessible 
  to 
  domestic 
  animals, 
  farmers 
  

   have 
  used 
  it 
  as 
  strong 
  as 
  one 
  to 
  30 
  or 
  40. 
  Since 
  the 
  egg-masses 
  of 
  

   grasshoppers 
  are 
  deposited 
  in 
  the 
  hard, 
  uncultivated 
  lands 
  during 
  the 
  

   late 
  summer 
  and 
  early 
  autumn, 
  ploughing, 
  harrowing, 
  and 
  disking 
  

   such 
  waste 
  lands 
  to 
  a 
  depth 
  of 
  several 
  inches 
  in 
  the 
  late 
  autumn 
  will 
  

   lessen 
  future 
  attacks. 
  

  

  