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  appear 
  the 
  most 
  beneficial. 
  The 
  knowledge 
  of 
  the 
  several 
  fungous 
  

   and 
  bacterial 
  diseases 
  reported 
  as 
  attacking 
  the 
  grubs 
  and 
  beetles 
  is 
  

   as 
  yet 
  superficial 
  and 
  their 
  value 
  for 
  this 
  purpose 
  is 
  still 
  an 
  open 
  

   question. 
  The 
  author 
  states 
  that 
  all 
  general 
  measures 
  of 
  control 
  

   recommended 
  are 
  preventive 
  rather 
  than 
  remedial, 
  for 
  once 
  white 
  

   grubs 
  are 
  present 
  the 
  crop 
  cannot 
  be 
  protected 
  from 
  their 
  ravages. 
  

   But 
  certain 
  cultural 
  and 
  other 
  practices 
  wall 
  greatly 
  minimise 
  the 
  

   damage 
  in 
  succeeding 
  years. 
  Domestic 
  fowls 
  should 
  be 
  given 
  the 
  run 
  

   of 
  infested 
  fields, 
  especially 
  w^hen 
  the 
  land 
  is 
  being 
  ploughed. 
  Hogs 
  will 
  

   thoroughly 
  clear 
  an 
  infested 
  field 
  if 
  pastured 
  on 
  it 
  anytime 
  between 
  

   April 
  and 
  October. 
  They 
  are 
  very 
  fond 
  of 
  grubs 
  and 
  root 
  to 
  a 
  depth 
  of 
  

   a 
  foot 
  or 
  more 
  in 
  search 
  of 
  them 
  ; 
  but 
  in 
  winter 
  the 
  grubs 
  go 
  much 
  

   deeper 
  and 
  thus 
  escape 
  destruction. 
  It 
  should 
  be 
  noted 
  that 
  the 
  

   giant 
  thorn-headed 
  worm, 
  Echinorynchus 
  gigas, 
  an 
  intestinal 
  worm 
  

   attacking 
  swine, 
  passes 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  early 
  stages 
  of 
  its 
  life 
  within 
  the 
  

   white 
  grub, 
  which 
  has 
  been 
  infested 
  through 
  the 
  excrement 
  of 
  infested 
  

   swine. 
  In 
  this 
  connection 
  Dr. 
  S. 
  A. 
  Forbes 
  says 
  : 
  " 
  Pigs 
  which 
  have 
  

   never 
  been 
  pastured 
  are 
  certain 
  to 
  be 
  free 
  from 
  these 
  parasites, 
  and 
  

   grubs 
  growing 
  in 
  fields 
  which 
  have 
  not 
  been 
  pastured 
  by 
  pigs 
  are 
  

   Ukewise 
  certain 
  to 
  be 
  free 
  from 
  them. 
  The 
  use 
  of 
  such 
  pigs 
  on 
  such 
  

   fields 
  would 
  consequently 
  be 
  without 
  danger 
  from 
  this 
  source, 
  and 
  a 
  

   httle 
  attention 
  to 
  these 
  facts 
  will 
  avoid 
  any 
  injurious 
  consequences. 
  

   That 
  is, 
  if 
  pigs 
  not 
  previously 
  allowed 
  to 
  run 
  out 
  are 
  turned 
  into 
  fields 
  

   on 
  which 
  pigs 
  have 
  not 
  been 
  pastured 
  within 
  three 
  years, 
  there 
  will 
  

   be 
  no 
  danger 
  that 
  they 
  will 
  become 
  infested 
  by 
  these 
  thorn-headed 
  

   worms." 
  During 
  the 
  years 
  of 
  great 
  abundance 
  of 
  the 
  beetles, 
  hogs 
  

   should 
  be 
  turned 
  into 
  orchards 
  and 
  timber 
  lots 
  during 
  the 
  period 
  of 
  

   flight 
  and 
  will 
  eagerly 
  seek 
  them 
  out, 
  just 
  beneath 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  

   soil 
  or 
  near 
  trees 
  where 
  they 
  pass 
  the 
  day. 
  Autumn 
  ploughing 
  is 
  

   very 
  useful. 
  Ordinarily 
  the 
  best 
  time 
  is 
  between 
  1st 
  and 
  15th 
  October, 
  

   as 
  later 
  on 
  the 
  grubs 
  go 
  too 
  far 
  down. 
  The 
  rotation 
  of 
  crops 
  is 
  also 
  

   very 
  useful, 
  and 
  since 
  the 
  eggs 
  are 
  usually 
  deposited 
  in 
  fields 
  of 
  grass, 
  

   timothy, 
  and 
  small 
  grains 
  it 
  is 
  evident 
  that 
  such 
  crops 
  as 
  buckwheat, 
  

   clover, 
  alfalfa, 
  and 
  peas 
  should 
  be 
  planted 
  in 
  the 
  year 
  following 
  a 
  

   season 
  of 
  beetle 
  abundance. 
  Collection 
  of 
  the 
  beetles 
  is 
  efiective 
  where 
  

   whole 
  communities 
  or 
  neighbourhoods 
  co-operate 
  in 
  the 
  work. 
  It 
  is 
  

   in 
  the 
  early 
  morning, 
  before 
  4.30 
  a.m., 
  that 
  the 
  beetles 
  are 
  most 
  easily 
  

   shaken 
  ofi 
  the 
  trees, 
  and 
  each 
  female 
  destroyed 
  early 
  in 
  the 
  season 
  

   means 
  the 
  destruction 
  of 
  from 
  50 
  to 
  100 
  potential 
  grubs. 
  Where 
  it 
  

   is 
  possible 
  to 
  secure 
  cheap 
  labour, 
  collecting 
  the 
  grubs 
  in 
  the 
  wake 
  of 
  

   the 
  plough 
  is 
  practicable, 
  especially 
  where 
  they 
  are 
  numerous. 
  Light 
  

   traps 
  are 
  not 
  satisfactory 
  as 
  they 
  attract 
  hardly 
  any 
  female 
  beetles. 
  

   Spraying 
  with 
  Paris 
  green 
  or 
  lead 
  arsenate 
  is 
  effective, 
  but 
  usually 
  

   impracticable 
  owing 
  to 
  the 
  large 
  size 
  of 
  the 
  trees 
  upon 
  which 
  the 
  

   beetles 
  feed. 
  With 
  a 
  more 
  definite 
  knowledge 
  of 
  the 
  food-plants 
  

   preferred, 
  low-growing 
  trees 
  and 
  shrubs 
  might 
  be 
  planted 
  as 
  traps 
  

   where 
  the 
  beetles 
  could 
  be 
  sprayed. 
  

  

  No 
  reliable 
  remedy 
  can 
  be 
  offered 
  for 
  the 
  destruction 
  of 
  grubs 
  in 
  

   lawns 
  ; 
  but 
  poultry, 
  especially 
  turkeys, 
  might 
  be 
  allowed 
  to 
  run 
  on 
  

   them. 
  Hogs 
  would 
  tear 
  up 
  the 
  roots. 
  Perhaps 
  removal 
  of 
  the 
  sods, 
  

   collection 
  of 
  the 
  grubs, 
  and, 
  later, 
  autumn 
  ploughing, 
  will 
  prove 
  satis- 
  

   factory. 
  In 
  cases 
  of 
  mild 
  infestation 
  a 
  commercial 
  fertiliser 
  will 
  

   probably 
  assist 
  the 
  grass 
  in 
  overcoming 
  the 
  grub 
  injury. 
  Dealing 
  

  

  