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  fortnight 
  from 
  May 
  to 
  September. 
  Aphrophora 
  alni, 
  a 
  froghopper, 
  

   is 
  very 
  common 
  in 
  summer 
  and 
  lays 
  its 
  eggs 
  in 
  large 
  numbers 
  on 
  the 
  

   green 
  parts 
  and 
  sometimes 
  on 
  the 
  flowers. 
  The 
  larvae 
  suck 
  the 
  juices 
  

   of 
  the 
  leaves. 
  This 
  pest 
  is 
  treated 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  way 
  as 
  Calocoris 
  

   chenopodii, 
  but 
  operations 
  ought 
  to 
  be 
  commenced 
  in 
  March. 
  The 
  

   caterpillars 
  of 
  GraphoUta 
  minutana 
  eat 
  the 
  collar 
  of 
  the 
  young 
  chrysan- 
  

   themums 
  and 
  the 
  young 
  shoots, 
  and 
  bore 
  into 
  the 
  flower-buds 
  ; 
  the 
  

   treatment 
  is 
  the 
  same 
  as 
  for 
  C. 
  chenopodii. 
  Any 
  flower-buds 
  found 
  

   to 
  be 
  occupied 
  and 
  deformed 
  by 
  a 
  larva 
  should 
  be 
  picked 
  off 
  and 
  burned. 
  

  

  CsoRGEY 
  (T.). 
  Studien 
  uber 
  den 
  Vogelschutz 
  im 
  Jahre 
  1913. 
  [Bird 
  

   protection 
  in 
  1913.] 
  — 
  Aquila, 
  Budapest, 
  xx, 
  1913, 
  pp. 
  476-502, 
  

   6 
  figs. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  suggests 
  the 
  pruning 
  of 
  those 
  hedges 
  in 
  which 
  it 
  is 
  

   wished 
  to 
  shelter 
  birds 
  that 
  only 
  feel 
  safe 
  in 
  bushes 
  where 
  thick 
  cover 
  

   extends 
  right 
  down 
  to 
  the 
  ground. 
  Instead 
  of 
  pruning 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  obtain 
  

   a 
  square 
  top 
  and 
  vertical 
  sides, 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  hedge 
  should 
  be 
  wider 
  

   than 
  the 
  top 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  allow 
  plenty 
  of 
  light 
  to 
  reach 
  the 
  leaves 
  closest 
  

   to 
  the 
  ground 
  and 
  promote 
  their 
  growth. 
  

  

  To 
  prevent 
  cats 
  from 
  reaching 
  bird-boxes 
  placed 
  on 
  tree-trunks, 
  

   barbed 
  wire 
  is 
  wound 
  in 
  a 
  spiral 
  five 
  or 
  six 
  times 
  round 
  the 
  trunk 
  

   beneath 
  the 
  box. 
  In 
  order 
  that 
  the 
  wire 
  may 
  stand 
  off 
  the 
  trunk 
  it 
  

   is 
  nailed 
  on 
  small 
  wood 
  blocks 
  about 
  2 
  inches 
  thick 
  and 
  the 
  nail 
  driven 
  

   through 
  such 
  a 
  block 
  can 
  only 
  penetrate 
  the 
  bark 
  and 
  does 
  not 
  do 
  

   any 
  great 
  harm 
  to 
  the 
  tree. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  pointed 
  out 
  that 
  bird 
  protection 
  costs 
  very 
  much 
  less 
  than 
  

   collecting 
  caterpillars, 
  and 
  in 
  spite 
  of 
  most 
  careful 
  collecting 
  the 
  

   trees 
  are 
  often 
  stripped. 
  In 
  Hungary 
  the 
  aid 
  of 
  the 
  schoolmasters 
  

   is 
  enlisted 
  in 
  order 
  that 
  the 
  children 
  may 
  learn 
  to 
  understand 
  the 
  

   usefulness 
  of 
  birds 
  in 
  the 
  economy 
  of 
  agriculture. 
  

  

  RoHWER 
  (S. 
  A.). 
  Descriptions 
  of 
  New 
  Parasitic 
  Hymenoptera. 
  — 
  Proc. 
  l/ 
  

   Entom. 
  Soc, 
  Washington, 
  xv, 
  Dec. 
  1913, 
  pp. 
  180-188, 
  1 
  fig. 
  

  

  Seven 
  new 
  species 
  of 
  parasitic 
  Hymenoptera 
  belonging 
  to 
  the 
  families 
  

   Ichneumonidae 
  and 
  Braconidae 
  are 
  described 
  so 
  that 
  names 
  will 
  

   be 
  available 
  for 
  species 
  which 
  have 
  proved 
  of 
  economic 
  importance 
  

   in 
  helping 
  in 
  the 
  control 
  of 
  injurious 
  insects. 
  

  

  

  CusHMAN 
  (R. 
  A.). 
  Biological 
  Notes 
  on 
  a 
  few 
  rare 
  or 
  little 
  known 
  

   Parasitic 
  Hymenoptera. 
  — 
  Proc. 
  Entom. 
  Soc, 
  Washington, 
  xv, 
  no. 
  4, 
  

   Dec. 
  1913, 
  pp. 
  153-160, 
  2 
  figs. 
  

  

  Perilitus 
  americanus, 
  Riley, 
  a 
  Braconid 
  parasite 
  of 
  lady-birds 
  

   was 
  very 
  abundant 
  in 
  Vienna, 
  Virginia, 
  in 
  the 
  autumn 
  of 
  1912 
  ; 
  but 
  

   although 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  other 
  species 
  of 
  Coccinellidae 
  were 
  present, 
  

   none 
  but 
  the 
  species 
  Megilla 
  maculata 
  and 
  single 
  specimens 
  of 
  

   Hippodamia 
  convergens 
  were 
  parasitised 
  by 
  P. 
  americanus. 
  In 
  

   experiments 
  in 
  the 
  laboratory 
  an 
  adult 
  female 
  Perilitus 
  was 
  given 
  

   access 
  to 
  various 
  species 
  of 
  Coccinellids, 
  including 
  Adalia 
  bipuncfata, 
  

   Anatis 
  l5-punctata, 
  Hippodamia 
  glacialis, 
  H. 
  convergens, 
  Coccinella 
  

   9-7iotata, 
  Megilla 
  inaculata, 
  Cycloneda 
  sanguinea 
  (=munda), 
  and 
  

   Hyperaspis 
  sp., 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  undetermined 
  larvae. 
  All 
  

  

  (C20) 
  A 
  2 
  

  

  ^ 
  

  

  