﻿137 
  

  

  ^CusHMAN 
  (R. 
  A.) 
  The 
  CnUiephialtes 
  Parasite 
  of 
  the 
  Codling 
  Moth.— 
  

  

  Jl. 
  Agric. 
  Research, 
  Dept. 
  Agric, 
  Washington, 
  i, 
  no. 
  3, 
  lOtli 
  Dec. 
  

   1913, 
  pp. 
  211-237, 
  10 
  tables, 
  15 
  figs., 
  1 
  pi. 
  

  

  This 
  parasite 
  (under 
  the 
  names 
  of 
  Calliephialtes 
  messor, 
  Grav., 
  and 
  

   Ephialtes 
  carbonarius, 
  Christ) 
  was 
  introduced 
  into 
  California 
  in 
  1901: 
  

   from 
  Spain, 
  where 
  it 
  was 
  found 
  by 
  Compere 
  attacking 
  codling 
  moth 
  

   {Cydia 
  pomonella). 
  Up 
  to 
  this 
  time 
  C. 
  messor 
  had 
  been 
  mentioned 
  

   in 
  literature 
  only 
  once 
  since 
  its 
  description 
  ; 
  this 
  was 
  by 
  Taschenberg, 
  

   who 
  in 
  1863 
  recorded 
  it 
  as 
  having 
  been 
  reared 
  as 
  a 
  parasite 
  of 
  GaUeria 
  

   melloneUa, 
  the 
  wax 
  moth. 
  Specimens 
  identical 
  with 
  C. 
  messor 
  have 
  

   been 
  identified 
  as 
  C. 
  comstochii. 
  Cress., 
  and 
  C. 
  pusio, 
  Walsh, 
  by 
  different 
  

   authorities. 
  From 
  California 
  specimens 
  of 
  the 
  parasite 
  were 
  sent 
  in 
  

   1907 
  to 
  the 
  Cape 
  of 
  Good 
  Hope 
  and 
  were 
  released 
  there 
  by 
  Lounsbury 
  ; 
  

   but 
  the 
  results 
  were 
  of 
  doubtful 
  value. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  gives 
  a 
  detailed 
  account 
  of 
  the 
  methods 
  used 
  by 
  him 
  

   in 
  rearing 
  the 
  parasite, 
  and 
  also 
  of 
  the 
  anatomy 
  of 
  the 
  insect 
  in 
  its 
  

   various 
  stages 
  and 
  descriptions 
  of 
  its 
  habits 
  in 
  feeding 
  and 
  reproduction. 
  

   Oviposition 
  began 
  about 
  nine 
  days 
  after 
  the 
  emergence 
  of 
  the 
  female. 
  

   The 
  stage 
  of 
  the 
  host 
  selected 
  is 
  the 
  full-grown 
  larva 
  in 
  its 
  cocoon 
  ; 
  

   in 
  no 
  case 
  was 
  any 
  other 
  stage 
  attacked. 
  The 
  incubation 
  period 
  

   varied 
  from 
  1 
  to 
  7 
  days, 
  depending 
  on 
  the 
  temperature 
  ; 
  a 
  table 
  is 
  given 
  

   showing 
  this 
  variation. 
  Calliephialtes 
  is 
  normally 
  a 
  solitary 
  parasite, 
  

   although 
  more 
  than 
  one 
  egg 
  was 
  often 
  deposited 
  on 
  a 
  single 
  host 
  ; 
  

   when 
  this 
  happened 
  only 
  one 
  larva 
  developed 
  beyond 
  the 
  early 
  stages. 
  

   The 
  larva 
  begins 
  feeding 
  shortly 
  after 
  hatching, 
  and 
  continues 
  until 
  

   there 
  is 
  nothing 
  left 
  of 
  the 
  host 
  but 
  the 
  skin, 
  which 
  is 
  finally 
  pushed 
  

   to 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  cocoon. 
  The 
  feeding 
  period, 
  from 
  the 
  hatching 
  of 
  

   the 
  egg 
  to 
  the 
  beginning 
  of 
  the 
  cocoon, 
  varied 
  from 
  3J 
  to 
  18J 
  days, 
  

   with 
  an 
  average 
  of 
  about 
  7 
  J 
  days. 
  The 
  larval 
  period 
  in 
  the 
  cocoon 
  

   varied 
  from 
  4 
  to 
  14 
  days 
  ; 
  the 
  females, 
  after 
  spinning 
  their 
  cocoons, 
  

   required 
  on 
  the 
  average 
  about 
  2J 
  days 
  longer 
  to 
  attain 
  the 
  pupal 
  stage 
  

   than 
  the 
  males. 
  The 
  pupal 
  period 
  lasts 
  from 
  6 
  to 
  13 
  days, 
  and 
  again 
  

   the 
  female 
  requires 
  somewhat 
  longer 
  than 
  the 
  male, 
  to 
  the 
  extent 
  on 
  

   the 
  average 
  of 
  about 
  1 
  '66 
  days. 
  The 
  males 
  outnumbered 
  the 
  females 
  

   throughout 
  the 
  period 
  covered 
  by 
  the 
  observations, 
  and 
  it 
  was 
  found 
  

   that 
  the 
  proportion 
  of 
  males 
  increased 
  \vith 
  each 
  succeeding 
  brood. 
  

   Of 
  the 
  57 
  individuals 
  reared 
  from 
  parthenogenetic 
  eggs 
  all 
  were 
  males. 
  

  

  The 
  adults 
  feed 
  at 
  all 
  times 
  on 
  sweet 
  liquids 
  supplied 
  to 
  them 
  ; 
  

   the 
  males 
  confined 
  their 
  feeding 
  to 
  this 
  sort 
  of 
  diet, 
  but 
  the 
  females 
  

   frequently 
  fed 
  on 
  the 
  juices 
  of 
  codling 
  moth 
  larvae. 
  Keeping 
  the 
  

   cocoons 
  in 
  the 
  cold 
  retards 
  their 
  development, 
  which, 
  however, 
  pro- 
  

   ceeds 
  normally 
  when 
  the 
  insects 
  are 
  removed 
  from 
  cold 
  storage 
  ; 
  in 
  

   the 
  present 
  observations 
  it 
  seemed 
  as 
  if 
  exposure 
  to 
  cold 
  for 
  any 
  length 
  

   of 
  time 
  had 
  the 
  effect 
  of 
  reducing 
  the 
  activity 
  and 
  vitality 
  of 
  the 
  

   resulting 
  adults. 
  L. 
  J. 
  Newman, 
  on 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  states 
  that 
  the 
  

   keeping 
  of 
  immature 
  specimens 
  in 
  cold 
  storage 
  for 
  a 
  period 
  of 
  14 
  

   months 
  in 
  no 
  w^ay 
  affected 
  development 
  nor 
  the 
  condition 
  of 
  the 
  adult. 
  

  

  The 
  first 
  female 
  to 
  emerge 
  from 
  hibernation 
  in 
  the 
  spring 
  of 
  1912 
  

   appeared 
  on 
  3rd 
  May, 
  and 
  the 
  last 
  on 
  15th 
  May 
  ; 
  from 
  the 
  earliest 
  

   female 
  progeny 
  three 
  complete 
  generations 
  were 
  reared 
  and 
  from 
  the 
  

   last, 
  two 
  generations. 
  The 
  insect 
  hibernates 
  as 
  a 
  full-grown 
  larva 
  in 
  

   its 
  cocoon. 
  The 
  females 
  appeared 
  in 
  the 
  spring 
  a 
  few 
  days 
  in 
  advance 
  

  

  