﻿147 
  

  

  2 
  lb. 
  of 
  hard 
  soap 
  is 
  dissolved 
  in 
  1 
  gal. 
  of 
  hot 
  water 
  ; 
  while 
  this 
  

   solution 
  is 
  still 
  hot 
  7 
  quarts 
  of 
  petroleum 
  are 
  added 
  and 
  the 
  whole 
  

   is 
  stirred 
  till 
  emulsified. 
  When 
  cold, 
  water 
  is 
  added 
  to 
  a 
  total 
  bulk 
  

   of 
  20 
  gals, 
  and 
  the 
  insecticide 
  is 
  ready 
  for 
  use. 
  Grass 
  and 
  undergrowth 
  

   were 
  removed 
  where 
  present, 
  and 
  some 
  very 
  badly 
  damaged 
  trees 
  

   were 
  felled. 
  At 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  chief 
  rainy 
  season 
  the 
  lebbek 
  trees 
  were 
  

   covered 
  with 
  foliage 
  in 
  which 
  but 
  few 
  of 
  the 
  insects 
  were 
  noticeable. 
  

   The 
  other 
  trees 
  which 
  had 
  been 
  cut 
  back 
  were 
  free. 
  Those 
  trees 
  and 
  

   plants 
  which 
  were 
  not 
  complete 
  hosts 
  were 
  now 
  free 
  with 
  the 
  exception 
  

   of 
  those 
  mangos 
  on 
  which 
  the 
  insect 
  had 
  adapted 
  itself 
  ; 
  these 
  were 
  

   still 
  rather 
  heavily 
  infested. 
  But 
  success 
  was 
  only 
  apparent. 
  Writing 
  

   one 
  year 
  after 
  the 
  foregoing 
  measures 
  were 
  resorted 
  to, 
  the 
  author 
  

   states 
  that 
  the 
  lebbek 
  trees 
  were 
  infested 
  anew 
  and 
  the 
  others, 
  though 
  

   still 
  free, 
  would 
  be 
  infected 
  in 
  time. 
  A 
  repetition 
  of 
  the 
  former 
  drastic 
  

   method 
  would 
  probably 
  kill 
  the 
  trees. 
  A 
  species 
  of 
  lady-bird 
  

   (Coccinellidae) 
  has 
  proved 
  a 
  natural 
  enemy 
  and 
  from 
  being 
  rare 
  

   has 
  now 
  multiplied 
  exceedingly 
  and 
  is 
  found 
  on 
  every 
  lebbek 
  tree. 
  

   A 
  bird, 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  common 
  mouse-birds 
  (Colius), 
  also 
  preys 
  on 
  the 
  

   Pseudococcus, 
  but 
  is 
  a 
  doubtful 
  auxiliary, 
  as 
  it 
  may 
  carry 
  infection. 
  

   In 
  view 
  of 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  lebbek 
  trees 
  are 
  short-hved 
  the 
  author 
  thinks 
  

   that 
  the 
  selection 
  of 
  other 
  species 
  for 
  re-planting 
  is 
  the 
  only 
  satisfactory 
  

   solution. 
  The 
  removal 
  of 
  existing 
  Alhizzia 
  would 
  only 
  anticipate 
  by 
  

   some 
  years 
  what 
  would 
  be 
  ultimately 
  unavoidable. 
  

  

  Baer 
  (W.). 
  Die 
  Bedeutung 
  der 
  insektenfressenden 
  Vbgel 
  fiir 
  die 
  Forst- 
  

   wirtschaft. 
  [The 
  importance 
  of 
  insect- 
  eating 
  birds 
  for 
  forestry.] 
  

   —Aus 
  der 
  Natur, 
  Leipzig, 
  July, 
  1913, 
  ix, 
  pp. 
  659-671. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  well 
  known 
  that 
  birds 
  consume 
  enormous 
  quantities 
  of 
  insects. 
  

   An 
  example 
  of 
  this 
  was 
  provided 
  by 
  two 
  great 
  tits 
  (Parus 
  major) 
  which 
  

   devoured 
  187 
  pupae 
  of 
  Malacosoyna 
  neustria, 
  L., 
  in 
  13 
  hours 
  ; 
  and 
  

   again 
  three 
  blue 
  tits 
  {Parus 
  coeruleus) 
  and 
  three 
  cole 
  tits 
  {Parus 
  ater) 
  

   consumed 
  9,500 
  to 
  10,000 
  eggs 
  of 
  the 
  processionary 
  moth 
  daily 
  for 
  a 
  

   time. 
  Three 
  marsh 
  tits 
  {Parus 
  pahistris), 
  one 
  cole 
  tit, 
  one 
  long- 
  tailed 
  

   tit 
  {Parus 
  caudatus) 
  and 
  two 
  gold 
  crests 
  {Reguliis 
  regulus) 
  made 
  away 
  

   with 
  1,876 
  caterpillar 
  of 
  Bupalus 
  piniarius, 
  L., 
  in 
  a 
  single 
  day. 
  Recent 
  

   investigation 
  of 
  this 
  subject 
  is 
  based 
  on 
  very 
  numerous 
  examinations 
  

   of 
  stomach-contents 
  undertaken 
  by 
  the 
  Biologische 
  Reichsanstalt 
  fiir 
  

   Land- 
  und 
  Forstwirtschaft, 
  the 
  Forstakademie 
  Eberswalde, 
  the 
  

   Forstakademie 
  Tharandt, 
  the 
  members 
  of 
  the 
  Bayrische 
  ornitho- 
  

   logischen 
  Gesellschaft, 
  the 
  Leipzig 
  Ornithological 
  and 
  Entomological 
  

   Societies, 
  and 
  many 
  others. 
  The 
  most 
  important 
  works 
  have 
  

   been 
  recorded 
  by 
  K. 
  Eckstein 
  in 
  his 
  annual 
  reports 
  in 
  the 
  " 
  AUgem. 
  

   Forst- 
  und 
  Jagdzeitung." 
  The 
  results 
  of 
  this 
  particular 
  investigation 
  

   prove 
  that 
  birds 
  have 
  a 
  preference 
  for 
  certain 
  insects. 
  This 
  may 
  

   apply 
  either 
  to 
  all 
  birds 
  or 
  only 
  to 
  certain 
  species. 
  In 
  many 
  cases 
  also 
  

   the 
  investigator 
  is 
  surprised 
  at 
  finding 
  in 
  their 
  stomachs 
  insects 
  which 
  

   live 
  hidden 
  and 
  apparently 
  secure 
  from 
  pursuit. 
  The 
  following 
  is 
  a 
  

   very 
  limited 
  list 
  of 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  chief 
  instances 
  from 
  the 
  wealth 
  of 
  facts 
  

   collected 
  in 
  this 
  paper 
  : 
  — 
  The 
  starlings 
  and 
  ravens 
  devour 
  the 
  larvae 
  

   of 
  the 
  crane-fly 
  {Tipula) 
  and 
  those 
  of 
  Elaterid 
  beetles, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  the 
  

   caterpillars 
  of 
  Agrotis. 
  The 
  roller 
  {Coracias 
  garrula) 
  devours 
  

  

  (C20) 
  B 
  2 
  

  

  