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  eaten 
  away. 
  The 
  nozzle 
  was 
  pointed 
  down 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  holes, 
  all 
  others 
  

   being 
  stopped 
  up, 
  and 
  the 
  fumes 
  from 
  four 
  tablespoonfuls 
  of 
  the 
  

   special 
  compound 
  were 
  pumped 
  in 
  for 
  about 
  half 
  an 
  hour. 
  The 
  nest 
  

   was 
  opened 
  three 
  days 
  afterwards. 
  For 
  some 
  distance 
  into 
  it 
  a 
  deposit 
  

   of 
  sulphur 
  showed 
  insufficient 
  combustion, 
  due 
  to 
  lack 
  of 
  air. 
  The 
  

   upper 
  combs, 
  which 
  were 
  swarming 
  with 
  termites 
  before 
  the 
  experi- 
  

   ment, 
  had 
  been 
  completely 
  deserted. 
  The 
  fungus 
  which 
  was 
  cultivated 
  

   by 
  the 
  insects 
  on 
  the 
  combs 
  was 
  entirely 
  destroyed. 
  Deeper 
  into 
  the 
  

   nest 
  the 
  combs 
  were 
  full 
  of 
  dead 
  soldiers, 
  workers 
  and 
  young, 
  but 
  some 
  

   of 
  the 
  nymphs 
  were 
  still 
  alive. 
  The 
  ants 
  have 
  not 
  reappeared, 
  and 
  

   the 
  tree 
  is 
  doing 
  well. 
  

  

  Andrews 
  (E. 
  A.). 
  Shot-hole 
  hovBT.—Qtrly 
  Jl. 
  Scient. 
  Dept. 
  Ind. 
  Tea 
  

   Assoc, 
  Calcutta, 
  Part 
  4, 
  1913, 
  pp. 
  94-95. 
  

  

  Xyleborus 
  fornicatus, 
  the 
  shot-hole 
  borer 
  of 
  tea, 
  confines 
  its 
  attacks 
  

   to 
  the 
  sap-wood. 
  The 
  female 
  bores 
  directly 
  into 
  the 
  wood 
  and 
  exca- 
  

   vates 
  a 
  vertical 
  tunnel 
  with 
  side 
  branches. 
  At 
  each 
  junction 
  are 
  depo- 
  

   sited 
  eggs, 
  and 
  the 
  opening 
  of 
  the 
  side 
  branch 
  is 
  then 
  covered 
  up 
  with 
  

   a 
  wad 
  of 
  damp 
  saw-dust 
  which 
  produces 
  the 
  necessary 
  conditions 
  for 
  

   the 
  growth 
  of 
  the 
  Ambrosia 
  fungus, 
  upon 
  which 
  the 
  larva 
  feeds. 
  Its 
  

   mouth 
  parts 
  are 
  not 
  adapted 
  for 
  chewing 
  wood. 
  The 
  adult 
  stays 
  for 
  

   some 
  time 
  in 
  the 
  larval 
  gallery, 
  which 
  it 
  lengthens, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  

   small 
  stems 
  the 
  sap-wood 
  may 
  be 
  almost 
  completely 
  ringed. 
  The 
  

   chief 
  damage 
  is 
  done 
  by 
  the 
  tunnelling, 
  which 
  interferes 
  w4th 
  the 
  flow 
  

   of 
  sap, 
  and 
  by 
  the 
  fungus, 
  which 
  ultimately 
  causes 
  the 
  death 
  of 
  the 
  

   tree. 
  Dead, 
  dying, 
  or 
  going-back 
  trees 
  are 
  those 
  attacked, 
  and 
  an 
  

   examination 
  of 
  an 
  infected 
  bush 
  will 
  reveal 
  some 
  injury 
  or 
  disease. 
  

   Pruning 
  weakens 
  the 
  bushes 
  and 
  makes 
  them 
  more 
  hable 
  to 
  attack. 
  It 
  

   has 
  been 
  suggested 
  that 
  various 
  poisons, 
  such 
  as 
  carbon 
  bisulphide 
  

   and 
  benzene 
  be 
  poured 
  into 
  the 
  holes 
  ; 
  or 
  that 
  the 
  stem 
  of 
  the 
  bush 
  be 
  

   painted 
  with 
  some 
  mixture, 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  most 
  recent 
  suggestions 
  

   being 
  a 
  mixture 
  of 
  chalk 
  and 
  glue 
  in 
  equal 
  parts 
  diluted 
  

   with 
  water. 
  A 
  layer 
  of 
  this 
  asphyxiates 
  the 
  insects 
  in 
  the 
  galleries 
  

   and 
  obstructs 
  the 
  laying 
  of 
  eggs. 
  By 
  placing 
  upright 
  poles 
  in 
  the 
  

   ground 
  among 
  the 
  bushes, 
  the 
  insects 
  may 
  be 
  induced 
  to 
  leave 
  the 
  

   latter 
  alone, 
  and 
  bore 
  into 
  the 
  former, 
  which 
  can 
  be 
  destroyed. 
  An 
  

   effective 
  preventive 
  measure 
  is 
  to 
  leave 
  a 
  few 
  shoots 
  unpruned 
  to 
  

   regulate 
  the 
  flow 
  of 
  sap 
  during 
  the 
  pruning 
  season 
  ; 
  and 
  manuring, 
  

   by 
  making 
  the 
  woody 
  tissues 
  to 
  grow 
  more 
  rapidly, 
  tends 
  to 
  close 
  up 
  

   the 
  tunnels, 
  thus 
  producing 
  greater 
  resisting 
  power 
  against 
  the 
  pest. 
  

  

  The 
  use 
  of 
  Formalin 
  for 
  disinfecting 
  tea 
  seed. 
  — 
  Qtrly 
  Jl. 
  Scient. 
  Dept. 
  

   Ind. 
  Tea 
  Assoc, 
  Calcutta, 
  Part 
  4, 
  1913, 
  p. 
  107. 
  

  

  As 
  a 
  result 
  of 
  experiments 
  undertaken 
  mth 
  the 
  idea 
  of 
  ascertaining 
  

   the 
  value 
  of 
  formalin 
  against 
  mosquito 
  blight, 
  it 
  w^as 
  shown 
  that 
  the 
  

   formalin 
  damaged 
  the 
  bushes 
  when 
  its 
  strength 
  was 
  less 
  than 
  half 
  

   that 
  at 
  which 
  it 
  killed 
  the 
  young 
  bugs. 
  This 
  confirms 
  the 
  results 
  of 
  

   experiments 
  made 
  at 
  University 
  College, 
  Cork, 
  with 
  formalin, 
  against 
  

   green 
  fly 
  and 
  mealy 
  bug, 
  when 
  " 
  any 
  efficacy 
  formalin 
  might 
  possess 
  

   as 
  an 
  insecticide 
  was 
  more 
  than 
  counterbalanced 
  by 
  its 
  injurious 
  action 
  

   on 
  the 
  plants." 
  [cf. 
  this 
  Review 
  A, 
  1, 
  p. 
  18,] 
  

  

  