﻿167 
  

  

  of 
  the 
  first 
  generation, 
  but 
  they 
  cannot 
  prevent 
  these 
  from 
  damaging 
  

   the 
  flowers, 
  because 
  they 
  can 
  only 
  be 
  apphed 
  after 
  flowering. 
  The 
  

   first 
  method 
  appears 
  cheaper 
  and 
  quicker 
  than 
  the 
  second. 
  (2) 
  The 
  

   method 
  of 
  the 
  third 
  competitor 
  gives 
  good 
  results 
  against 
  the 
  larvae 
  

   of 
  the 
  first 
  generation, 
  provided 
  it 
  be 
  applied 
  at 
  the 
  proper 
  time, 
  that 
  is, 
  

   before 
  the 
  larvae 
  enclose 
  themselves 
  in 
  their 
  webs. 
  Its 
  disadvantage 
  

   is 
  however 
  the 
  poisonous 
  nature 
  of 
  the 
  hquid 
  and 
  the 
  danger 
  to 
  which 
  

   it 
  exposes 
  the 
  user. 
  (3) 
  The 
  " 
  Arxolea 
  " 
  of 
  the 
  fourth 
  competitor 
  has 
  

   neither 
  a 
  preventive 
  nor 
  a 
  curative 
  action 
  on 
  the 
  moth. 
  (4) 
  None 
  of 
  

   these 
  methods 
  against 
  the 
  larvae 
  of 
  the 
  first 
  generation 
  have 
  influenced 
  

   succeeding 
  generations, 
  and 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  assumed 
  that 
  in 
  August 
  the 
  

   treated 
  and 
  untreated 
  grapes 
  were 
  equally 
  attacked. 
  The 
  prize 
  was 
  

   not 
  awarded 
  because 
  no 
  system 
  can 
  be 
  efiicacious 
  unless 
  it 
  protects 
  

   the 
  young 
  fruit 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  the 
  flowers. 
  It 
  is 
  suggested 
  that 
  the 
  

   experiments 
  be 
  repeated 
  on 
  a 
  larger 
  scale 
  next 
  year, 
  when 
  any 
  effect 
  

   on 
  the 
  larvae 
  of 
  the 
  second 
  generation 
  would 
  be 
  apparent. 
  

  

  Tairov 
  (V. 
  E.). 
  M3"b 
  MCTopin 
  (l)miJioKcepHaro 
  Bonpoca 
  bi> 
  CBflSM 
  co 
  

   BBefleHieMij 
  aiviepMKaHCKOii 
  Ji03bi 
  btj 
  Poccjm. 
  [History 
  of 
  the 
  

   Phylloxera 
  question 
  in 
  connection 
  with 
  the 
  introduction 
  of 
  

   American 
  vine-stocks 
  into 
  Russia.] 
  — 
  Odessa 
  (?), 
  N.D., 
  18 
  pp. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  reviews 
  the 
  history 
  of 
  Phylloxera 
  in 
  Europe, 
  with 
  special 
  

   reference 
  to 
  the 
  importation 
  of 
  American 
  vine-stocks 
  with 
  a 
  view 
  to 
  

   the 
  production 
  of 
  Phylloxera-^Tooi 
  vines. 
  As 
  to 
  Russia, 
  Phylloxera 
  

   was 
  first 
  discovered 
  in 
  1880 
  in 
  the 
  western 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  south 
  coast 
  of 
  

   the 
  Crimea 
  ; 
  in 
  1881 
  it 
  appeared 
  in 
  Caucasia, 
  in 
  the 
  vineyards 
  near 
  

   Suchum 
  ; 
  and 
  in 
  1886 
  it 
  was 
  also 
  noticed 
  in 
  Bessarabia. 
  It 
  was 
  

   estabHshed 
  that 
  both 
  into 
  Crimea 
  and 
  Bessarabia 
  the 
  pests 
  were 
  imported 
  

   with 
  vine-stocks 
  obtained 
  from 
  Erfurt 
  at 
  the 
  beginning 
  of 
  the 
  'seventies 
  

   of 
  last 
  century. 
  For 
  a 
  long 
  time 
  many 
  Russian 
  experts, 
  principally 
  

   Prof. 
  A. 
  0. 
  Kovalevsky 
  and 
  I. 
  A. 
  Portchinsky, 
  were 
  amongst 
  the 
  

   opponents 
  of 
  the 
  introduction 
  of 
  American 
  vine-stocks 
  into 
  Russia, 
  

   and 
  they 
  advocated 
  radical 
  remedies, 
  aiming 
  at 
  the 
  destruction 
  of 
  

   the 
  pest 
  ; 
  the 
  Russian 
  Government 
  was 
  also 
  unfavourable 
  to 
  this 
  

   new 
  remedy, 
  and 
  it 
  was 
  only 
  in 
  1892 
  that 
  the 
  official 
  view 
  on 
  the 
  

   subject 
  underwent 
  a 
  change, 
  and 
  the 
  prohibitions 
  against 
  the 
  impor- 
  

   tation 
  of 
  foreign 
  vine-stocks 
  were 
  gradually 
  withdrawn. 
  

  

  In 
  Bessarabia, 
  where 
  some 
  years 
  ago 
  vineyards 
  occupied 
  an 
  area 
  

   of 
  about 
  20,000 
  acres, 
  more 
  than 
  one-third 
  of 
  them 
  were 
  suffering 
  

   from 
  Phylloxera 
  in 
  1907. 
  The 
  first 
  experiments 
  with 
  exotic 
  stocks 
  

   were 
  started 
  there 
  about 
  15 
  years 
  ago, 
  and 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  writing 
  (?) 
  

   it 
  is 
  estimated 
  that 
  only 
  about 
  one-tenth 
  of 
  the 
  vineyard 
  area 
  in 
  that 
  

   Government 
  is 
  attacked. 
  In 
  the 
  Government 
  of 
  Cherson 
  some 
  1,300 
  

   acres 
  are 
  affected 
  by 
  Phylloxera; 
  the 
  growdng 
  of 
  American 
  vines 
  

   started 
  only 
  a 
  very 
  few 
  years 
  ago, 
  although 
  in 
  one 
  part 
  they 
  were 
  

   introduced 
  in 
  1896. 
  The 
  Government 
  of 
  Taurida 
  is 
  still 
  free 
  from 
  

   Phylloxera', 
  American 
  vines 
  were 
  introduced 
  some 
  20 
  years 
  ago, 
  but 
  

   some 
  of 
  the 
  nurseries 
  were 
  afterwards 
  abandoned. 
  In 
  Bessarabia 
  

   and 
  Cherson 
  the 
  Zemstvos 
  assist 
  the 
  population 
  by 
  importing 
  young 
  

   stocks 
  and 
  distributing 
  them 
  amongst 
  the 
  vine-growers 
  on 
  easy 
  terms, 
  

   by 
  securing 
  the 
  services 
  of 
  special 
  vine 
  instructors, 
  by 
  keeping 
  experi- 
  

   mental 
  nurseries, 
  etc. 
  The 
  author, 
  who 
  from 
  the 
  very 
  beginning 
  was 
  

   an 
  advocate 
  of 
  exotic 
  vine-stocks 
  as 
  the 
  best 
  remedy 
  against 
  Phylloxera, 
  

  

  