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  account 
  is 
  also 
  given 
  of 
  Zabrus 
  tenebriodes, 
  Goeze, 
  Ophonus 
  (Pardileus) 
  

   ■calceatus, 
  Duft., 
  Melolontha 
  melolontha, 
  L., 
  M. 
  hippocastani, 
  ¥., 
  Amphi- 
  

   malus 
  solstitialis, 
  L., 
  Anisoplia 
  cyathigera, 
  Scop., 
  A. 
  segetum, 
  Hbst., 
  

   Tropinota 
  hirtella, 
  L., 
  Athous 
  niger, 
  L., 
  (more 
  common 
  and 
  injurious 
  

   in 
  the 
  south 
  of 
  Russia 
  than 
  Agriotes 
  lineatus), 
  Opatrum 
  sabulosum, 
  L., 
  

   Pedinus 
  femoralis, 
  L. 
  (the 
  last 
  two 
  species 
  injure 
  tobacco 
  and 
  maize), 
  

   Dorcadion 
  carinatum, 
  Pall., 
  Lema 
  cyanella, 
  L., 
  Chaetocnema 
  aridula, 
  

   Gyll., 
  and 
  Phyllotreta 
  vittula, 
  Redt. 
  The 
  larvae 
  of 
  Chaetocnema 
  

   aridula, 
  Gyl., 
  are 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  governments 
  of 
  Poltava, 
  Charkov 
  and 
  

   Tula, 
  and 
  probably 
  also 
  in 
  many 
  others 
  ; 
  they 
  winter 
  in 
  the 
  imago 
  

   stage 
  and 
  appear 
  in 
  the 
  fields 
  early 
  in 
  spring, 
  ovipositing 
  on 
  the 
  dead 
  

   parts 
  of 
  plants, 
  close 
  to 
  the 
  earth 
  ; 
  the 
  larvae 
  live 
  inside 
  the 
  stems 
  of 
  

   rye, 
  wheat, 
  barley 
  and 
  oats, 
  but 
  the 
  greatest 
  damage 
  is 
  done 
  to 
  summer 
  

   wheat 
  and 
  to 
  barley 
  ; 
  the 
  second 
  brood 
  appears 
  in 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  July. 
  

   Dry 
  weather 
  favours 
  the 
  injurious 
  activities 
  of 
  this 
  pest 
  ; 
  as 
  a 
  remedy 
  

   early 
  ploughing 
  of 
  the 
  stubble 
  is 
  recommended. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  then 
  proceeds 
  to 
  describe 
  the 
  dipterous 
  insect 
  pests 
  : 
  — 
  

   Mayetolia 
  destructor, 
  Say, 
  to 
  which 
  special 
  attention 
  is 
  paid 
  ; 
  M. 
  

   uvenae, 
  Marchal, 
  which 
  has 
  not 
  been 
  previously 
  recorded 
  as 
  a 
  pest 
  in 
  

   Russia 
  ; 
  Lasioptera 
  cerealis, 
  Lind. 
  ; 
  Contarinia 
  tritici, 
  Kirby, 
  which 
  

   is 
  seldom 
  injurious 
  in 
  Russia 
  ; 
  Oscinella 
  frit, 
  L., 
  with 
  which 
  the 
  author 
  

   again 
  deals 
  very 
  exhaustively. 
  The 
  last-named 
  insect 
  flies 
  from 
  the 
  

   beginning 
  of 
  May, 
  the 
  average 
  duration 
  of 
  life 
  in 
  nature 
  being 
  2-3 
  

   months 
  ; 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  generations 
  may 
  be 
  three 
  or 
  four 
  during 
  one 
  

   summer, 
  although 
  the 
  author 
  is 
  of 
  opinion 
  that 
  in 
  the 
  latitude 
  of 
  

   Poltava 
  there 
  is 
  only 
  one 
  generation. 
  The 
  insects 
  may 
  be 
  found 
  till 
  

   the 
  middle 
  of 
  October, 
  the 
  greatest 
  damage 
  being 
  done 
  to 
  summer- 
  

   sown 
  crops, 
  the 
  winter 
  crops 
  being 
  able 
  to 
  recover 
  from 
  their 
  injuries 
  

   during 
  the 
  long 
  autumn. 
  As 
  to 
  remedies, 
  the 
  author 
  approves 
  of 
  the 
  

   late 
  sowing 
  of 
  winter 
  crops, 
  deep 
  early 
  ploughing, 
  early 
  scarifying 
  of 
  

   the 
  stubbles, 
  and 
  strongly 
  recommends 
  the 
  destruction 
  of 
  fallen 
  crops 
  ; 
  

   he 
  points 
  out 
  that 
  every 
  prolongation 
  of 
  the 
  period 
  of 
  growth 
  of 
  sum- 
  

   mer-sown 
  crops 
  increases 
  the 
  percentage 
  of 
  their 
  infection 
  by 
  this 
  

   insect, 
  and 
  that 
  those 
  sorts 
  of 
  summer 
  crops 
  which 
  tiller 
  less 
  and 
  come 
  

   into 
  ear 
  earlier 
  are 
  better 
  able 
  to 
  withstand 
  the 
  attacks 
  of 
  the 
  pests 
  ; 
  

   while 
  winter 
  crops 
  recover 
  by 
  their 
  tillering 
  early 
  in 
  spring 
  and 
  late 
  in 
  

   autumn, 
  summer 
  crops 
  by 
  the 
  same 
  tillering 
  increase 
  their 
  chances 
  of 
  

   infection. 
  Other 
  flies 
  mentioned 
  are 
  Chloropus 
  taeniopus, 
  Mg., 
  which 
  

   produces 
  two 
  generations 
  yearly, 
  and 
  sometimes 
  does 
  considerable 
  

   damage 
  to 
  crops, 
  especially 
  if 
  winter-sown 
  ; 
  Meromyza 
  saltatrix, 
  L., 
  

   which 
  is 
  not 
  very 
  injurious 
  ; 
  Hylemyia 
  (Leptohylemyia) 
  coarctata, 
  

   Pall., 
  the 
  damage 
  done 
  by 
  which 
  is 
  specially 
  noticeable 
  in 
  spring 
  on 
  

   winter 
  wheat 
  and 
  rye 
  ; 
  HydrelUa 
  griseola, 
  Fall., 
  reported 
  from 
  Crimea, 
  

   and 
  from 
  so 
  far 
  North 
  as 
  the 
  governments 
  of 
  Moscow 
  and 
  Kurland, 
  

   injures 
  chiefly 
  late-sown 
  barley 
  ; 
  and 
  Domomyza 
  nigripes, 
  Zett., 
  which 
  

   injures 
  mostly 
  leaves 
  of 
  winter 
  wheat, 
  although 
  the 
  damage 
  is 
  not 
  

   great. 
  

  

  The 
  last 
  chapter 
  of 
  the 
  book 
  contains 
  the 
  descriptions 
  of 
  some 
  

   Hymenoptera, 
  the 
  most 
  important 
  of 
  which 
  are 
  the 
  sawflies, 
  Cephus 
  

   pygmeus, 
  L., 
  Astatus 
  niger, 
  Harr. 
  (troglodytes, 
  P.), 
  found 
  in 
  middle 
  

   Russia 
  on 
  rye, 
  and 
  Trachelus 
  tabidus. 
  P., 
  from 
  south 
  Russia. 
  The 
  

   author 
  describes 
  the 
  habits 
  of 
  and 
  remedies 
  for 
  C. 
  pygmeus, 
  and 
  is 
  of 
  

   opinion 
  that 
  the 
  method 
  of 
  harrowing 
  out 
  and 
  burning 
  of 
  the 
  stubble, 
  

  

  