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  or 
  into 
  an 
  important 
  branch. 
  All 
  the 
  lateral 
  holes 
  for 
  the 
  extrusion 
  

   of 
  frass 
  should 
  be 
  plugged 
  with 
  wax 
  or 
  clay, 
  and 
  then 
  bisulphide 
  of 
  

   carbon 
  injected, 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  previous 
  case, 
  into 
  the 
  terminal 
  opening 
  of 
  

   the 
  burrow. 
  A. 
  Sampaio, 
  after 
  careful 
  study 
  of 
  trees 
  throughout 
  the 
  

   year, 
  but 
  especially 
  from 
  November 
  to 
  May, 
  says 
  that 
  the 
  female 
  lays 
  

   her 
  eggs 
  on 
  new 
  and 
  tender 
  branches 
  in 
  the 
  axils 
  of 
  the 
  leaves. 
  Hatch- 
  

   ing 
  takes 
  place 
  in 
  from 
  a 
  few 
  days 
  to 
  a 
  few 
  weeks, 
  and 
  it 
  will 
  be 
  seen 
  

   that 
  the 
  buds 
  and 
  young 
  leaves 
  begin 
  to 
  wither 
  ; 
  this, 
  he 
  says, 
  is 
  

   sufficient 
  proof 
  of 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  the 
  pest, 
  and 
  if 
  this 
  fading 
  of 
  the 
  

   leaves 
  and 
  buds 
  be 
  carefully 
  watched 
  for, 
  the 
  damage 
  can 
  be 
  stopped 
  

   almost 
  immediately 
  by 
  cutting 
  off 
  the 
  tip 
  of 
  the 
  branch 
  or 
  twig. 
  

  

  Cratosomus 
  reidi, 
  Kirby, 
  is 
  a 
  large 
  weevil, 
  the 
  larva 
  of 
  which 
  causes 
  

   very 
  serious 
  damage 
  to 
  orange 
  trees 
  and 
  mexeriqueiras 
  (Citrus 
  deli- 
  

   ciosa, 
  R.). 
  In 
  several 
  orchards 
  in 
  Campinas 
  this 
  beetle 
  is 
  very 
  abun- 
  

   dant, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  quite 
  a 
  common 
  thing 
  to 
  find 
  from 
  3 
  to 
  10 
  individuals 
  

   at 
  work 
  on 
  one 
  tree. 
  The 
  author 
  says 
  that 
  so 
  far 
  no 
  mention 
  has 
  been 
  

   made 
  of 
  this 
  insect 
  in 
  the 
  agricultural 
  hterature 
  of 
  Brazil, 
  in 
  spite 
  of 
  

   its 
  being 
  so 
  widespread 
  and 
  destructive. 
  He 
  gives 
  the 
  following 
  

   particulars 
  as 
  to 
  its 
  bionomics. 
  The 
  eggs 
  are 
  laid 
  separately 
  in 
  the 
  

   spring, 
  in 
  ones 
  and 
  twos, 
  in 
  small 
  holes 
  made 
  in 
  the 
  bark 
  of 
  the 
  tree. 
  

   The 
  trunks 
  are 
  attacked 
  from 
  the 
  base 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  the 
  branches, 
  and 
  holes 
  

   have 
  also 
  been 
  found 
  on 
  roots 
  projecting 
  above 
  the 
  soil. 
  As 
  soon 
  as 
  

   hatched 
  the 
  larva 
  begins 
  to 
  bore 
  into 
  the 
  wood, 
  for 
  some 
  time 
  in 
  a 
  

   horizontal 
  direction. 
  The 
  frass 
  has 
  the 
  appearance 
  of 
  Httle 
  balls 
  

   about 
  1"5 
  mm. 
  in 
  diameter, 
  consisting 
  largely 
  of 
  the 
  excrement 
  of 
  the 
  

   larva. 
  During 
  the 
  first 
  period 
  of 
  development, 
  which 
  lasts 
  for 
  about 
  

   a 
  year, 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  difficult 
  to 
  discover 
  the 
  borer 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  this 
  character- 
  

   istic 
  frass 
  upon 
  the 
  ground. 
  In 
  the 
  second 
  year 
  the 
  frass 
  blocks 
  up 
  

   the 
  hole 
  as 
  if 
  with 
  ribbons 
  of 
  wood, 
  giving 
  characteristic 
  evidence 
  of 
  

   the 
  presence 
  of 
  the 
  borer, 
  of 
  which 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  other 
  external 
  indication. 
  

   Sometimes 
  the 
  burrow 
  is 
  superficial, 
  following 
  the 
  bark, 
  and 
  sometimes 
  

   it 
  is 
  at 
  a 
  depth 
  of 
  1 
  to 
  4 
  inches. 
  The 
  author 
  has 
  found 
  trunks 
  bored 
  

   through 
  their 
  whole 
  thickness, 
  and 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  specimen 
  in 
  the 
  Instituto 
  

   Agronomico 
  containing 
  seven 
  parallel 
  bore-holes 
  made 
  by 
  different 
  

   insects. 
  In 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  mexeriqueiras, 
  it 
  frequently 
  happens 
  that 
  the 
  

   trunks 
  or 
  branches 
  are 
  bored 
  to 
  such 
  an 
  extent 
  that 
  they 
  are 
  broken 
  off 
  

   by 
  the 
  wind. 
  Old 
  bore-holes, 
  from 
  which 
  the 
  frass 
  has 
  been 
  removed 
  

   by 
  ants, 
  may 
  be 
  confounded 
  at 
  first 
  sight 
  with 
  those 
  made 
  by 
  Diplos- 
  

   schema 
  rotundicolle, 
  but 
  a 
  shght 
  examination 
  will 
  show 
  the 
  difierence. 
  

   The 
  holes 
  made 
  by 
  Diploschema 
  are 
  straight 
  and 
  of 
  uniform 
  diameter, 
  

   and 
  the 
  walls 
  are 
  marked 
  by 
  transverse 
  incisions 
  made 
  by 
  the 
  mandibles. 
  

   The 
  bore-holes 
  of 
  Cratosomus 
  are 
  generally 
  much 
  larger, 
  sinuous, 
  of 
  

   variable 
  diameter, 
  and 
  the 
  walls 
  are 
  smooth. 
  

  

  The 
  development 
  of 
  the 
  insect 
  requires 
  two 
  years. 
  Pupation 
  takes 
  

   place 
  during 
  August 
  and 
  September 
  ; 
  the 
  perfect 
  insect 
  is 
  produced 
  

   in 
  September 
  or 
  October, 
  and 
  emerges 
  in 
  October, 
  November 
  or 
  Dec- 
  

   ember. 
  The 
  exit 
  opening 
  attracts 
  attention 
  by 
  its 
  extraordinary 
  

   size. 
  It 
  is 
  not 
  at 
  all 
  imcommon 
  to 
  find 
  holes 
  of 
  15 
  to 
  17 
  mm. 
  in 
  

   diameter 
  in 
  the 
  trunks 
  of 
  orange 
  trees. 
  These 
  holes 
  are 
  found 
  at 
  

   various 
  heights 
  above 
  the 
  ground, 
  but 
  generally 
  from 
  50 
  cm. 
  to 
  1 
  

   metre 
  up 
  the 
  trunk. 
  For 
  a 
  long 
  time 
  it 
  was 
  supposed 
  that 
  these 
  holes 
  

   were 
  made 
  by 
  Diploschema, 
  but 
  careful 
  study 
  showed 
  that 
  this 
  was 
  not 
  

   the 
  case, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  now 
  possible 
  to 
  distinguish 
  the 
  attack 
  of 
  the 
  two 
  

  

  