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  insects. 
  The 
  exit 
  hole 
  of 
  Cratosomus 
  is 
  round 
  and 
  the 
  bore 
  is 
  inchned 
  

   upwards, 
  whilst 
  that 
  of 
  Diploschema 
  is 
  elliptical, 
  13-14 
  mm. 
  across 
  

   and 
  9-10 
  mm. 
  vertically. 
  A 
  new 
  hole 
  indicates 
  that 
  the 
  larva 
  has 
  

   formed 
  its 
  chamber 
  for 
  the 
  pupal 
  stage, 
  which 
  lasts 
  about 
  a 
  year. 
  

   The 
  total 
  length 
  of 
  the 
  burrow 
  of 
  Cratosomus 
  is 
  60-70 
  cm., 
  the 
  diameter 
  

   being 
  12-20 
  mm. 
  It 
  is 
  easy 
  to 
  understand 
  that 
  damage 
  of 
  this 
  kind 
  

   has 
  a 
  very 
  serious 
  effect 
  upon 
  the 
  trees 
  ; 
  one 
  borer 
  alone 
  may 
  endanger 
  

   the 
  life 
  of 
  a 
  tree. 
  The 
  author 
  describes 
  the 
  larva, 
  nymph 
  and 
  perfect 
  

   insect, 
  and 
  says 
  that 
  the 
  species 
  is 
  peculiar 
  to 
  Brazil. 
  Nothing 
  is 
  at 
  

   present 
  known 
  of 
  the 
  indigenous 
  plants 
  on 
  which 
  it 
  feeds. 
  

  

  The 
  remedy, 
  the 
  author 
  says, 
  is 
  simple 
  during 
  the 
  first 
  year 
  of 
  boring, 
  

   when 
  the 
  frass 
  on 
  the 
  earth 
  reveals 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  the 
  pest. 
  The 
  

   opening 
  is 
  slightly 
  enlarged 
  with 
  a 
  boring 
  tool, 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  admit 
  the 
  

   nozz'e 
  of 
  a 
  syringe, 
  and 
  2 
  or 
  3 
  cc. 
  of 
  bisulphide 
  of 
  carbon 
  are 
  injected, 
  

   the 
  hole 
  being 
  immediately 
  plugged 
  with 
  wax 
  or 
  clay 
  ; 
  the 
  best 
  time 
  

   to 
  do 
  this 
  is 
  either 
  in 
  May 
  or 
  October. 
  Borers 
  in 
  their 
  second 
  year 
  

   should 
  be 
  treated 
  in 
  September, 
  when 
  the 
  exit 
  hole 
  has 
  not 
  been 
  

   opened 
  externally. 
  It 
  is 
  possible, 
  by 
  carefully 
  examining 
  the 
  trunks, 
  

   to 
  find 
  the 
  position 
  of 
  these 
  holes, 
  the 
  bark 
  over 
  them 
  being 
  dry 
  and 
  

   spht 
  and 
  frequently 
  covered 
  with 
  a 
  gummy 
  moisture. 
  All 
  that 
  is 
  

   necessary 
  is 
  to 
  remove 
  the 
  bark 
  on 
  this 
  spot 
  and 
  introduce 
  a 
  piece 
  of 
  

   wood 
  of 
  suitable 
  size 
  and 
  drive 
  it 
  tightly 
  into 
  the 
  hole. 
  The 
  perfect 
  

   insect 
  then 
  remains 
  imprisoned 
  and 
  dies. 
  The 
  best 
  prophylactic 
  in 
  

   orchards 
  in 
  which 
  this 
  borer 
  makes 
  its 
  appearance 
  is 
  that 
  used 
  

   against 
  Acrocinus 
  accentifer, 
  that 
  is, 
  to 
  smear 
  the 
  trunks 
  with 
  a 
  sub- 
  

   stance 
  which 
  drives 
  away 
  the 
  insects 
  and 
  prevents 
  them 
  from 
  laying 
  

   their 
  eggs. 
  The 
  author 
  gives 
  the 
  following 
  formula 
  : 
  — 
  Crude 
  carbo- 
  

   lineum, 
  1 
  part 
  ; 
  quicklime, 
  10 
  parts 
  ; 
  water, 
  40 
  parts. 
  The 
  hme 
  is 
  

   first 
  dissolved 
  in 
  a 
  httle 
  water, 
  the 
  rest 
  is 
  then 
  added 
  and 
  then 
  the 
  

   carbolineum 
  is 
  well 
  stirred 
  in. 
  The 
  insect 
  does 
  not 
  fly 
  with 
  ease, 
  and 
  

   once 
  destroyed, 
  the 
  author 
  thinks 
  that 
  very 
  httle 
  trouble 
  will 
  be 
  

   required 
  to 
  preserve 
  an 
  orchard 
  against 
  further 
  attack. 
  The 
  paper 
  

   is 
  exceedingly 
  well 
  illustrated 
  with 
  diagrams 
  and 
  photographs 
  showing 
  

   the 
  method 
  of 
  attack 
  peculiar 
  to 
  each 
  of 
  these 
  borers. 
  

  

  Ihering 
  (E. 
  Von). 
  Em 
  defeza 
  do 
  " 
  Tico-Tico." 
  [In 
  defence 
  of 
  the 
  

   "Tico-Tico" 
  {Brachyspiza 
  capensis).] 
  — 
  Chacaras 
  e 
  Quintaes, 
  

   S. 
  Paulo, 
  viii, 
  no. 
  4, 
  Oct. 
  1913, 
  pp. 
  47-49, 
  1 
  fig. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  says 
  that 
  this 
  bird, 
  formerly 
  known 
  as 
  Zonotrichia 
  

   pileata, 
  should 
  be 
  protected 
  in 
  Brazil. 
  From 
  experiments 
  made 
  by 
  him- 
  

   self 
  and 
  still 
  in 
  progress, 
  he 
  has 
  found 
  that 
  each 
  bird 
  consumes 
  daily, 
  on 
  

   an 
  average, 
  120 
  insects, 
  either 
  as 
  adults 
  or 
  larvae. 
  He 
  further 
  calcu- 
  

   lates 
  that 
  in 
  his 
  own 
  garden 
  of 
  about 
  7 
  acres, 
  in 
  which 
  a 
  colony 
  of 
  40 
  

   Tico-Ticos 
  have 
  established 
  themselves, 
  these 
  birds 
  eat 
  close 
  upon 
  

   5,000 
  insects 
  and 
  larvae 
  daily. 
  

  

  PosKiN 
  (J.) 
  Rapport 
  sur 
  les 
  observations 
  efiectu§es 
  en 
  1912. 
  [Keport 
  

   on 
  the 
  observations 
  made 
  in 
  1912.] 
  — 
  Ann. 
  Sta. 
  Agronom. 
  deVEtat, 
  

   Gembloux, 
  Bruxelles, 
  ii, 
  1913, 
  pp. 
  353-366. 
  

  

  Among 
  cereals, 
  Tylenchus 
  devastator, 
  Oscinis 
  frit 
  and 
  Zabrus 
  gibbus 
  

   have 
  been 
  reported, 
  but 
  they 
  occur 
  only 
  in 
  isolated 
  areas 
  and 
  do 
  not 
  

   cause 
  serious 
  damage. 
  Sugar-beet 
  has 
  been 
  severely 
  attacked 
  by 
  

  

  