﻿196 
  

  

  the 
  Gironde. 
  Strong 
  stocks 
  are 
  generally 
  left 
  untouched, 
  but 
  any 
  weak 
  

   ones 
  within 
  a 
  short 
  distance 
  of 
  infested 
  willows, 
  elms, 
  etc., 
  are 
  suscep- 
  

   tible 
  to 
  attack. 
  Preventive 
  measures 
  then 
  must 
  aim 
  at 
  the 
  removal 
  

   of 
  trees 
  of 
  this 
  description 
  and, 
  if 
  infested, 
  their 
  speedy 
  destruction, 
  or 
  

   at 
  least 
  that 
  of 
  larva 
  in 
  them. 
  A 
  hooked 
  wire 
  will 
  often 
  bring 
  away 
  

   some 
  of 
  the 
  larvae 
  from 
  their 
  galleries, 
  in 
  which 
  a 
  plug 
  of 
  cotton- 
  wool 
  

   saturated 
  with 
  benzene 
  or 
  carbon 
  bisulphide 
  is 
  then 
  placed 
  and 
  the 
  

   aperture 
  sealed 
  in 
  order 
  that 
  the 
  remaining 
  larvae 
  may 
  be 
  asphyxiated. 
  

   The 
  Apate 
  bore 
  into 
  the 
  dry 
  shoots, 
  and 
  sometimes 
  also 
  into 
  the 
  living 
  

   shoots 
  of 
  vines 
  weakened 
  by 
  parasites 
  of 
  the 
  roots 
  {Phylloxera, 
  etc.). 
  

   The 
  species 
  found 
  in 
  France 
  are 
  numerous 
  ; 
  Apate 
  sexdentata, 
  

   miiricata, 
  sinuata, 
  bimaculata, 
  capucina, 
  and 
  monacha 
  being 
  the 
  

   principal 
  ones. 
  The 
  insects 
  appear 
  in 
  spring 
  and 
  enter 
  the 
  shoots 
  at 
  

   the 
  base 
  of 
  a 
  bud, 
  boring 
  galleries 
  to 
  the 
  level 
  of 
  the 
  corresponding 
  

   knot. 
  Mating 
  and 
  oviposition 
  take 
  place 
  there. 
  Four 
  or 
  five 
  weeks 
  

   afterwards 
  the 
  larvae 
  hatch 
  out 
  and 
  bore 
  longitudinal 
  galleries. 
  They 
  

   are 
  sometimes 
  so 
  numerous 
  as 
  to 
  destroy 
  the 
  wood 
  between 
  two 
  knots 
  

   in 
  a 
  few 
  weeks. 
  According 
  to 
  Valery 
  Mayet, 
  A. 
  sexdentata 
  has 
  two 
  

   generations 
  a 
  year, 
  oviposition 
  occurring 
  in 
  May 
  and 
  September. 
  

   The 
  spring 
  imagos 
  oviposit 
  on 
  dead 
  shoots, 
  while 
  the 
  autumn 
  brood 
  

   may 
  attack 
  living 
  ones. 
  This 
  species 
  is 
  found 
  in 
  Southern 
  Europe, 
  

   North 
  Africa, 
  and 
  Asia 
  Minor 
  ; 
  it 
  has 
  been 
  observed 
  not 
  only 
  on 
  the 
  

   vine, 
  but 
  on 
  fig, 
  mulberry, 
  chestnut, 
  acacia, 
  etc. 
  A. 
  muricata 
  is 
  

   similar 
  to, 
  but 
  bigger 
  than, 
  A. 
  sexdentata 
  and 
  causes 
  the 
  same 
  damage. 
  

   It 
  is 
  found 
  especially 
  in 
  Italy, 
  fairly 
  often 
  in 
  Provence, 
  more 
  rarely 
  

   in 
  Languedoc. 
  The 
  vine, 
  olive, 
  oak, 
  etc., 
  are 
  attacked. 
  Apate 
  

   (Xylopertha) 
  sinuata 
  is 
  also 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  South 
  of 
  France 
  and 
  has 
  been 
  

   observed 
  near 
  Lyons 
  and 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  the 
  Landes. 
  It 
  attacks 
  the 
  oak, 
  

   chestnut, 
  and 
  vine. 
  ^. 
  6macw?a^a 
  is 
  also 
  a 
  southern 
  species. 
  It 
  lives 
  

   in 
  dead 
  Tamarix 
  wood 
  and 
  also 
  in 
  the 
  vine 
  throughout 
  the 
  entire 
  

   olive-growing 
  region, 
  in 
  Provence, 
  Italy, 
  Greece, 
  Asia 
  Minor 
  and 
  

   Algeria. 
  A. 
  capucina 
  attacks 
  very 
  hard 
  woods 
  and 
  can 
  even 
  bore 
  

   stones 
  and 
  leaden 
  plates. 
  It 
  is 
  found 
  chiefly 
  in 
  the 
  trunks 
  of 
  oak, 
  

   chestnut, 
  plum 
  and 
  mulberry, 
  and 
  on 
  the 
  vine 
  also 
  in 
  the 
  South 
  of 
  

   France. 
  A. 
  monacha 
  is 
  found 
  in 
  warm 
  regions 
  : 
  Southern 
  Europe, 
  

   Palestine, 
  Abyssinia, 
  North 
  Africa, 
  Senegal 
  and 
  Congo. 
  In 
  Algeria 
  

   A. 
  monacha 
  attacks 
  the 
  shoots 
  of 
  vines 
  weakened 
  by 
  various 
  causes, 
  

   especially 
  excessive 
  salting 
  of 
  the 
  soil. 
  

  

  The 
  larvae 
  of 
  various 
  beetles 
  of 
  the 
  family 
  Cleridae, 
  such 
  as 
  Denops 
  

   albofasciatus, 
  Tillus 
  unifasciatus 
  and 
  Opilo 
  mollis 
  prey 
  upon 
  the 
  species 
  

   of 
  Apate 
  in 
  all 
  their 
  stages 
  ; 
  while 
  the 
  larvae 
  and 
  eggs 
  are 
  destroyed 
  

   by 
  various 
  entomophagous 
  Hymenoptera, 
  especially 
  Proctotrupidae 
  

   (Loelius 
  perrisi, 
  L. 
  tibialis, 
  Cephalonomia 
  formiciformis) 
  and 
  

   Chalcididae 
  (Pteromalus 
  bimaculatus). 
  

  

  If 
  injury 
  is 
  being 
  done 
  hj 
  Apate, 
  the 
  first 
  step 
  is 
  to 
  clear 
  the 
  vineyard, 
  

   of 
  all 
  cut 
  shoots. 
  If 
  living 
  ones 
  are 
  attacked 
  they 
  must 
  be 
  cut 
  off 
  

   and 
  burnt, 
  and 
  watering, 
  manuring, 
  etc., 
  must 
  be 
  carried 
  out 
  until 
  the 
  

   vines 
  have 
  become 
  strong 
  and 
  vigorous 
  , 
  healthy 
  vines 
  being 
  

   immune. 
  Clytus 
  varius 
  is 
  a 
  Longicorn 
  beetle, 
  the 
  larva 
  of 
  which 
  only 
  

   attacks 
  dead 
  wood. 
  Callidium 
  unifasciatum, 
  another 
  Longicorn, 
  

   attacks 
  dead 
  shoots 
  or 
  living 
  branches 
  of 
  vines 
  weakened 
  by 
  Phylloxera 
  

   or 
  any 
  other 
  cause 
  ; 
  but 
  it 
  does 
  so 
  only 
  rarely. 
  Agrilus 
  deraso- 
  

   fasciatus, 
  the 
  Buprestid 
  of 
  the 
  vine, 
  is 
  found 
  everywhere 
  in 
  Europe 
  

  

  