﻿201 
  

  

  KuLAGiN 
  (N. 
  M.). 
  rnaBHtMUjifl 
  epeAHbm 
  HacbHOMbin 
  /yin 
  noneeoACTBa 
  

   B-b 
  EeponeHCKOM 
  Poccin 
  e-b 
  nocntAHee 
  AB^Ai^aTH/itrie. 
  [The 
  

   principal 
  Insect 
  Pests 
  of 
  field-crops 
  in 
  European 
  Russia 
  for 
  the 
  

   last 
  20 
  years.]— 
  EweroAHMK-b 
  Vn. 
  Ynp. 
  3. 
  M 
  3. 
  no 
  AenapraMeHTy 
  

   3eMJieA%nifl, 
  [The 
  Year-book 
  of 
  the 
  Department 
  of 
  Agriculture 
  of 
  

   the 
  Central 
  Board 
  of 
  Land 
  Administrctio^i 
  and 
  Agriculture], 
  

   St. 
  Petersburg, 
  vi, 
  1913, 
  pp. 
  585-638, 
  1 
  plate. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  reviews 
  in 
  this 
  article 
  the 
  appearance 
  and 
  distribution 
  

   of 
  and 
  damage 
  done 
  by 
  the 
  principal 
  insects 
  injurious 
  to 
  field-crops 
  

   for 
  the 
  past 
  20 
  years 
  in 
  Russia, 
  together 
  with 
  the 
  more 
  important 
  

   measures 
  for 
  fighting 
  the 
  pests 
  undertaken 
  by 
  the 
  Zemstvos. 
  He 
  first 
  

   deals 
  \vith 
  Anisoplia 
  austriaca, 
  Herbst, 
  and 
  gives 
  a 
  table 
  showing 
  the 
  

   years 
  of 
  the 
  appearance 
  of 
  this 
  beetle 
  in 
  25 
  different 
  governments 
  of 
  

   South 
  and 
  Middle 
  Russia 
  for 
  the 
  period 
  1894-1912. 
  It 
  appears 
  that 
  

   this 
  insect 
  is 
  a 
  constant 
  pest 
  in 
  the 
  governments 
  of 
  Cherson, 
  

   Taurida, 
  Ekaterinoslav, 
  Kiev 
  and 
  Charkov, 
  while 
  in 
  most 
  other 
  

   parts, 
  even 
  in 
  South 
  Russia, 
  it 
  occurs 
  much 
  less 
  frequently. 
  In 
  

   some 
  years, 
  such 
  as 
  1897, 
  1900, 
  1901, 
  1910 
  and 
  1912, 
  the 
  

   insects 
  appeared 
  over 
  a 
  very 
  wide 
  area 
  ; 
  while 
  in 
  other 
  years, 
  

   such 
  as 
  1904—1907, 
  only 
  five 
  governments 
  complained 
  of 
  their 
  depre- 
  

   dations. 
  In 
  some 
  districts 
  the 
  beetles 
  appear 
  during 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  

   successive 
  years, 
  but 
  most 
  frequently 
  there 
  is 
  an 
  interval 
  of 
  2-3 
  years 
  

   in 
  their 
  appearance 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  area, 
  while 
  in 
  other 
  cases 
  — 
  Bessarabia, 
  

   Stavropol 
  — 
  this 
  interval 
  reaches 
  7-8 
  years. 
  

  

  Mayetiola 
  (Cecidomyia) 
  destructor. 
  Say, 
  has 
  been 
  noticed 
  in 
  41 
  govern- 
  

   ments, 
  a 
  list 
  of 
  which, 
  with 
  the 
  years 
  of 
  the 
  appearance 
  of 
  the 
  pest, 
  

   is 
  suppHed. 
  It 
  appears 
  that 
  it 
  has 
  been 
  found 
  as 
  far 
  north 
  as 
  

   Pskov 
  (1894 
  and 
  1904) 
  and 
  Viatka 
  (1898) 
  and 
  in 
  most 
  parts 
  

   of 
  Middle 
  and 
  South 
  Russia, 
  but 
  the 
  damage 
  done 
  by 
  these 
  

   flies 
  is 
  more 
  constant 
  and 
  chronic 
  in 
  the 
  southern 
  governments, 
  while 
  

   the 
  outbreaks 
  in 
  Middle 
  Russia 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  north 
  take 
  place 
  at 
  longer 
  

   intervals. 
  As 
  a 
  rule 
  their 
  multiplication 
  depends 
  a 
  great 
  deal 
  on 
  the 
  

   meteorological 
  conditions 
  of 
  the 
  spring 
  and 
  autumn, 
  a 
  rainy 
  spring 
  

   being 
  favourable 
  for 
  their 
  development 
  ; 
  but 
  the 
  author 
  points 
  out 
  

   some 
  years 
  which 
  proved 
  exceptional 
  in 
  this 
  respect. 
  

  

  Oscinis 
  frit, 
  L. 
  Records 
  are 
  given 
  of 
  the 
  appearance 
  of 
  this 
  pest 
  

   in 
  21 
  governments, 
  from 
  1894 
  to 
  1912, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  information 
  as 
  to 
  

   outbreaks 
  since 
  1837, 
  when 
  one 
  took 
  place 
  in 
  Kurland. 
  In 
  Bessarabia 
  

   this 
  fly 
  is 
  considered 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  the 
  chief 
  pest 
  of 
  fleld-crops 
  during 
  

   recent 
  years. 
  The 
  author 
  mentions 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  only 
  in 
  those 
  govern- 
  

   ments 
  where 
  there 
  are 
  entomological 
  organisations 
  is 
  the 
  damage 
  by 
  

   these 
  insects 
  kept 
  on 
  record 
  separately 
  from 
  that 
  done 
  by 
  Mayetiola 
  

   destructor. 
  As 
  a 
  rule 
  these 
  two 
  flies 
  become 
  abundant 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  

   years, 
  although 
  contrary 
  cases 
  are 
  also 
  known. 
  It 
  is 
  stated 
  that 
  

   0. 
  frit 
  sometimes 
  appears 
  persistently 
  in 
  a 
  limited 
  locaUty, 
  as 
  is 
  the 
  

   case 
  in 
  the 
  experimental 
  fields 
  of 
  the 
  Moscow 
  Agricultural 
  Institute, 
  

   where 
  they 
  cause 
  considerable 
  damage 
  every 
  year. 
  

  

  Cephus 
  pygmaeus, 
  L., 
  and 
  C. 
  tabidus, 
  F., 
  have 
  been 
  recorded 
  in 
  26 
  

   governments, 
  and 
  a 
  table 
  is 
  given 
  with 
  information 
  as 
  to 
  their 
  appear- 
  

   ance 
  in 
  each 
  year 
  from 
  1893 
  to 
  1912. 
  They 
  are 
  mor^^kmiripT 
  

  

  (26) 
  Wt.P.86/37— 
  2/4 
  14. 
  1500. 
  4.14 
  B.«&F.Ltd. 
  Gp.lf^^^ 
  

  

  ( 
  MAY 
  16 
  

  

  

  