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  appear 
  more 
  frequently 
  in 
  some 
  southern 
  governments 
  (Cherson, 
  

   Taurida, 
  Ekaterinoslav, 
  Charkov). 
  The 
  damage 
  caused 
  by 
  these 
  

   pests 
  is 
  variously 
  estimated 
  at 
  from 
  14 
  to 
  20 
  per 
  cent., 
  although 
  there 
  

   are 
  cases 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  damage 
  was 
  much 
  more 
  serious. 
  In 
  1912, 
  

   in 
  the 
  government 
  of 
  Kiev, 
  these 
  insects 
  only 
  attacked 
  fields 
  already 
  

   damaged 
  by 
  M- 
  destructor. 
  

  

  Evxoa 
  (Agrotis) 
  segetum, 
  Schiff. 
  Records 
  have 
  been 
  compiled 
  of 
  

   the 
  appearance 
  of 
  this 
  important 
  pest 
  in 
  34 
  governments, 
  it 
  being 
  found 
  

   as 
  far 
  north 
  as 
  Vologda, 
  St. 
  Petersburg, 
  and 
  Viatka, 
  w^here 
  it 
  was 
  

   noticed 
  in 
  1838. 
  In 
  the 
  government 
  of 
  Tula 
  the 
  caterpillars 
  have 
  

   appeared 
  in 
  great 
  numbers 
  every 
  year 
  from 
  1901 
  to 
  1910, 
  with 
  a 
  sudden 
  

   decline 
  in 
  1907. 
  The 
  intervals 
  between 
  the 
  years 
  of 
  maximum 
  occur- 
  

   rence 
  vary 
  in 
  different 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  country. 
  Sometimes 
  the 
  pests 
  

   do 
  little 
  damage, 
  although 
  appearing 
  in 
  great 
  numbers, 
  as 
  was 
  the 
  

   case 
  in 
  Tula 
  in 
  1910. 
  

  

  Oria 
  (Tapinostola) 
  musculosa, 
  Hb., 
  is 
  a 
  South 
  Russian 
  pest; 
  from 
  

   the 
  table 
  supplied 
  it 
  appears 
  that 
  it 
  has 
  been 
  observed 
  in 
  10 
  govern- 
  

   ments. 
  The 
  intervals 
  between 
  outbreaks 
  are 
  considerable. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  deals 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  w^ay 
  with 
  Locusta 
  (Pachtylus) 
  migra- 
  

   toria, 
  L., 
  and 
  various 
  other 
  species 
  of 
  locusts 
  ; 
  also 
  with 
  Thrips 
  (which 
  

   are 
  tabulated 
  for 
  18 
  governments) 
  ; 
  the 
  Pentatomid 
  bugs, 
  Eurygaster 
  

   maura, 
  F., 
  E. 
  marrocana, 
  F., 
  E. 
  integriceps, 
  Osh. 
  (in 
  11 
  governments, 
  

   mostly 
  in 
  South 
  Russia) 
  ; 
  the 
  Elaterid 
  beetles, 
  Agriotes 
  segetis, 
  Bjerk., 
  

   and 
  Athous 
  niger, 
  L. 
  (in 
  19 
  governments) 
  ; 
  Hydroecia 
  nictitans, 
  Bkh. 
  

   (in 
  14 
  governments 
  of 
  South 
  and 
  North-east 
  Russia, 
  the 
  most 
  

   frequent 
  outbreaks 
  having 
  occurred 
  in 
  Ufa) 
  ; 
  and 
  with 
  Lema 
  melanopa, 
  

   L., 
  which 
  is 
  recorded 
  fron 
  9 
  governments 
  of 
  South 
  Russia. 
  

  

  With 
  regard 
  to 
  the 
  general 
  factors 
  influencing 
  the 
  occurrence 
  and 
  

   periodicity 
  of 
  insect 
  pests, 
  the 
  necessity 
  for 
  further 
  research 
  is 
  empha- 
  

   sised. 
  The 
  first 
  Zemstvo 
  to 
  appoint 
  an 
  Entomologist 
  was 
  that 
  of 
  

   Taurida 
  in 
  1893, 
  Cherson 
  being 
  the 
  next 
  to 
  follow 
  this 
  example, 
  in 
  

   1897. 
  Some 
  Zemstvos 
  while 
  not 
  having 
  a 
  permanent 
  Entomological 
  

   Station, 
  invite 
  yearly 
  the 
  services 
  of 
  specialists 
  or 
  apply 
  to 
  the 
  Central 
  

   Government 
  for 
  such 
  men. 
  Other 
  Zemstvos 
  assign 
  this 
  task 
  to 
  their 
  

   '* 
  agronomists," 
  who 
  give 
  popular 
  lectures 
  to 
  the 
  peasants 
  on 
  various 
  

   insects 
  and 
  remedies 
  for 
  them, 
  with 
  demonstrations, 
  leaving 
  the 
  

   actual 
  combating 
  of 
  the 
  pests 
  to 
  the 
  public, 
  though 
  in 
  some 
  cases 
  

   they 
  also 
  supervise 
  the 
  technical 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  campaign. 
  The 
  author 
  

   proceeds 
  to 
  review 
  other 
  activities 
  of 
  the 
  Zemstvos, 
  so 
  far 
  as 
  the 
  fight 
  

   against 
  insect 
  pests 
  is 
  concerned, 
  which 
  include 
  : 
  — 
  bye-laws 
  regulating 
  

   the 
  campaign 
  against 
  any 
  particular 
  pest 
  ; 
  the 
  issue 
  of 
  posters, 
  pamph- 
  

   lets, 
  etc., 
  acquainting 
  the 
  public 
  with 
  the 
  various 
  aspects 
  of 
  this 
  ques- 
  

   tion 
  ; 
  the 
  supply, 
  sometimes 
  on 
  advantageous 
  terms, 
  of 
  sprayers, 
  

   insecticides, 
  fungicides, 
  tanglefoot, 
  etc., 
  to 
  the 
  public 
  ; 
  subsidies 
  to 
  

   various 
  Agricultural 
  or 
  Natural 
  History 
  Societies 
  ; 
  the 
  payment 
  of 
  

   premiums 
  for 
  the 
  collection 
  of 
  various 
  pests, 
  etc. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  gives 
  a 
  list 
  of 
  the 
  literature 
  used 
  by 
  him 
  for 
  his 
  review, 
  

   -and 
  goes 
  on 
  to 
  describe 
  more 
  fully 
  the 
  control 
  measures 
  against 
  Evxoa 
  

   segetum, 
  Mayetiola 
  destructor, 
  and 
  Anisoplia 
  austriaca. 
  

  

  