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  burnt 
  lime 
  and 
  powdered 
  sulphur 
  in 
  a 
  small 
  quantity 
  of 
  water 
  ; 
  in 
  

   concentrated 
  solution 
  it 
  is 
  a 
  brownish-yellow 
  liquid, 
  and 
  can 
  be 
  easily 
  

   diluted 
  with 
  water. 
  The 
  quick 
  lime, 
  sulphur 
  and 
  water 
  are 
  boiled 
  

   in 
  an 
  iron 
  vessel. 
  The 
  formula 
  used 
  in 
  America 
  is 
  as 
  follows 
  : 
  — 
  1 
  part 
  

   by 
  weight 
  quicklime, 
  2-225 
  parts 
  sulphur 
  and 
  9-11 
  parts 
  water. 
  

   The 
  lime 
  must 
  be 
  as 
  pure 
  and 
  as 
  fresh 
  as 
  possible, 
  otherwise 
  it 
  contains 
  

   a 
  large 
  quantity 
  of 
  carbonic 
  acid, 
  which 
  renders 
  it 
  useless. 
  As 
  a 
  by- 
  

   product 
  calcium 
  thiosulphate 
  (CeS^Oh) 
  is 
  formed, 
  which 
  is 
  soluble 
  

   in 
  water, 
  but 
  which, 
  on 
  standing 
  in 
  the 
  air, 
  precipitates 
  as 
  insoluble 
  

   calcium 
  sulphite 
  (CaSOJ 
  and 
  free 
  sulphur 
  ; 
  the 
  calcium 
  sulphite 
  

   remains 
  at 
  the 
  bottom 
  of 
  the 
  vessel 
  and 
  the 
  sulphur 
  enters 
  into 
  fresh 
  

   combination 
  with 
  the 
  lime. 
  Lime-sulphur 
  mixture 
  may 
  be 
  prepared 
  

   either 
  in 
  the 
  concentrated 
  form 
  or 
  ready 
  for 
  use. 
  In 
  the 
  former 
  case 
  

   42 
  lb. 
  sulphur 
  and 
  19 
  lb. 
  lime 
  are 
  used 
  to 
  22 
  gallons 
  water. 
  For 
  winter 
  

   spraying 
  the 
  proportions 
  are 
  8 
  lb. 
  sulphur 
  and 
  lOJ 
  lb. 
  lime 
  to 
  22 
  gals, 
  

   water. 
  The 
  boihng 
  should 
  not 
  last 
  over 
  an 
  hour. 
  When 
  the 
  liquid 
  

   is 
  cool 
  its 
  specific 
  gravity 
  is 
  tested 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  a 
  Beaume's 
  hydrometer. 
  

   In 
  America 
  the 
  commercial 
  product 
  is 
  32-34° 
  Be., 
  in 
  Germany 
  usually 
  

   20° 
  Be. 
  The 
  mixture 
  should 
  be 
  used 
  as 
  soon 
  as 
  possible, 
  but 
  it 
  may 
  

   be 
  kept 
  in 
  w-ell-closed 
  vessels 
  for 
  a 
  month. 
  Contact 
  with 
  the 
  air 
  

   causes 
  precipitation 
  of 
  reddish 
  brown 
  crystals 
  of 
  the 
  pentasulphide 
  

   and 
  tetrasulphide 
  of 
  calcium. 
  

  

  Carbolineum 
  is 
  now 
  recognised 
  as 
  a 
  universal 
  remedy 
  against 
  insect 
  

   pests, 
  as 
  a 
  result 
  of 
  much 
  experimental 
  work 
  done 
  notably 
  by 
  Ader- 
  

   hold, 
  Hiltner, 
  Liistner, 
  Schander, 
  Fulmek, 
  Zimmermann, 
  Wahl 
  and 
  

   Schwartz. 
  Carbolineum 
  is 
  a 
  distillation 
  product 
  of 
  coal 
  or 
  wood 
  tar. 
  

   Soluble 
  carbolineum 
  is 
  prepared 
  in 
  commerce 
  in 
  many 
  forms 
  and 
  

   under 
  various 
  names. 
  Netopil 
  (1909) 
  showed 
  that 
  the 
  commercial 
  

   products 
  differed 
  widely 
  in 
  their 
  chemical 
  and 
  physical 
  characters, 
  

   and 
  Aderhold 
  and 
  Liistner 
  show^ed 
  that 
  some 
  of 
  these 
  products 
  were 
  

   actually 
  harmful 
  instead 
  of 
  beneficial 
  to 
  plants. 
  With 
  the 
  purpose 
  

   of 
  ascertaining 
  what 
  in 
  such 
  products 
  were 
  beneficial 
  and 
  w^hat 
  harm- 
  

   ful, 
  the 
  author 
  conducted 
  some 
  experiments 
  in 
  1909 
  and 
  1910 
  in 
  the 
  

   Florsheim 
  chemical 
  works. 
  In 
  these 
  experiments 
  30 
  different 
  tar-oils 
  

   were 
  tried, 
  including 
  raw 
  tar-oil, 
  phenol-free 
  tar-oil, 
  base-free 
  tar-oil, 
  

   phenol 
  and 
  base-free 
  tar-oil, 
  raw 
  base 
  and 
  raw 
  phenol 
  from 
  tar-oil. 
  

   Of 
  each 
  kind 
  of 
  tar-oil, 
  2 
  light 
  oils, 
  3 
  medium 
  oils 
  and 
  2 
  heavy 
  oils 
  

   w^ere 
  tried. 
  The 
  results 
  were 
  shortly 
  as 
  follows. 
  Insecticidal 
  action 
  

   is 
  most 
  marked 
  wdth 
  light 
  oils. 
  Aphids 
  were 
  killed 
  by 
  all 
  the 
  oils, 
  

   but 
  the 
  oil 
  entered 
  into 
  the 
  galls 
  and 
  destroyed 
  the 
  adjoining 
  tissues 
  ; 
  

   this 
  was 
  less 
  marked 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  heavy 
  oils 
  than 
  ^vith 
  medium 
  

   or 
  light 
  oils. 
  Soluble 
  tar-oil 
  can 
  be 
  used 
  in 
  10 
  per 
  cent, 
  solution 
  

   against 
  Aphids, 
  but 
  it 
  must 
  not 
  be 
  allowed 
  to 
  touch 
  the 
  green 
  parts 
  

   of 
  the 
  plant. 
  Against 
  caterpillars 
  the 
  best 
  results 
  were 
  obtained 
  

   with 
  the 
  bases 
  and 
  phenol 
  from 
  the 
  tar-oils. 
  A 
  5 
  per 
  cent, 
  solution 
  in 
  

   water 
  of 
  raw^ 
  phenol 
  is 
  sufficient 
  to 
  kill 
  caterpillars 
  of 
  Pieris 
  brassicae, 
  

   the 
  efficiency 
  rising 
  with 
  the 
  concentration. 
  Green 
  parts 
  of 
  plants 
  are 
  

   sensitive 
  to 
  a 
  0*5 
  per 
  cent, 
  solution, 
  so 
  that 
  carbolineum 
  is 
  only 
  really 
  

   satisfactory 
  w^hen 
  used 
  before 
  the 
  trees 
  are 
  in 
  leaf. 
  For 
  killing 
  insects 
  

   in 
  the 
  ground 
  light 
  oils 
  were 
  the 
  best, 
  but 
  these 
  were 
  only 
  satisfactory 
  

   for 
  insects 
  near 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  soil. 
  Damage 
  to 
  foliage 
  is 
  greater 
  

   in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  heavy 
  oils 
  than 
  of 
  lighter 
  oils, 
  and 
  of 
  all 
  the 
  constituents 
  

   of 
  tar-oil 
  the 
  phenol 
  is 
  the 
  most 
  harmful 
  to 
  plant 
  tissues. 
  

  

  