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  jSmerinthiis 
  populi, 
  etc., 
  while 
  other 
  were 
  small, 
  such 
  as 
  Pier 
  is, 
  Bh 
  pains, 
  

   Panolis, 
  Vanessa 
  levana, 
  etc. 
  The 
  author 
  gives 
  a 
  few 
  instances 
  of 
  

   his 
  observations 
  on 
  fecundated 
  females 
  from 
  which 
  he 
  concludes 
  that, 
  

   in 
  depositing 
  their 
  eggs 
  in 
  various 
  pupae, 
  the 
  females 
  regulate, 
  in 
  the 
  

   great 
  majority 
  of 
  cases, 
  the 
  sex 
  of 
  their 
  descendants, 
  according 
  to 
  

   the 
  size 
  of 
  the 
  pupae. 
  In 
  large 
  pupae, 
  containing 
  a 
  plentiful 
  supply 
  

   of 
  food, 
  are 
  deposited 
  eggs 
  from 
  which 
  females 
  hatch 
  out, 
  while 
  small 
  

   pupae 
  contain 
  only 
  male 
  eggs. 
  If 
  only 
  large 
  pupae 
  are 
  offered, 
  males 
  

   can 
  be 
  quite 
  excluded 
  from 
  the 
  descendants 
  of 
  a 
  given 
  female, 
  and 
  

   when 
  only 
  small 
  pupae 
  were 
  supplied 
  the 
  percentage 
  of 
  hatched 
  males 
  

   was 
  greater 
  than 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  females. 
  These 
  observations 
  have 
  been 
  

   confirmed 
  with 
  pupae 
  infested 
  by 
  parasites 
  under 
  natural 
  conditions. 
  

   The 
  author 
  had 
  about 
  2000 
  cocoons 
  of 
  Lophyrus, 
  the 
  cocoons 
  of 
  the 
  

   females 
  of 
  which 
  are 
  nearly 
  twice 
  as 
  large 
  as 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  males. 
  He 
  

   kept 
  the 
  cocoons 
  of 
  the 
  males 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  females 
  separately 
  and 
  

   obtained 
  parasites 
  from 
  970 
  cocoons 
  ; 
  the 
  parasites 
  belonged 
  to 
  two 
  

   species 
  : 
  — 
  (1) 
  Exenterus 
  sp., 
  of 
  which 
  870 
  were 
  bred 
  ; 
  from 
  the 
  large 
  

   cocoons 
  21 
  per 
  cent, 
  were 
  males 
  and 
  79 
  per 
  cent, 
  females, 
  and 
  from 
  

   the 
  small 
  cocoons 
  53 
  per 
  cent, 
  were 
  males 
  and 
  47 
  per 
  cent, 
  females 
  ; 
  

   (2) 
  Campoplex 
  sp., 
  of 
  which 
  100 
  were 
  obtained, 
  30 
  per 
  cent 
  males 
  and 
  

   70 
  per 
  cent, 
  females 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  large 
  cocoons, 
  and 
  74 
  per 
  cent, 
  males 
  

   and 
  26 
  per 
  cent, 
  females 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  small 
  cocoons. 
  

  

  As 
  to 
  virgin 
  females, 
  his 
  observations 
  have 
  confirmed 
  previous 
  

   statements 
  that 
  such 
  females 
  are 
  able 
  to 
  lay 
  eggs 
  and 
  to 
  produce 
  

   descendants, 
  the 
  latter 
  being 
  only 
  males, 
  and 
  he 
  is 
  of 
  opinion 
  that 
  

   this 
  rule 
  apphes 
  to 
  the 
  whole 
  family 
  of 
  Ichneumonidae 
  in 
  its 
  wide 
  

   sense. 
  The 
  size 
  of 
  the 
  males 
  produced 
  varied 
  in 
  accordance 
  with 
  the 
  

   size 
  of 
  the 
  pupae 
  in 
  which 
  they 
  developed. 
  Giant 
  males 
  were 
  obtained 
  

   from 
  the 
  large 
  pupae 
  of 
  Sphinx 
  ligustri, 
  dwarfs 
  from 
  the 
  small 
  pupae 
  

   of 
  Bupalus 
  piniarius, 
  and 
  males 
  of 
  medium 
  size 
  from 
  the 
  pupae 
  of 
  

   Pieris 
  brassicae. 
  

  

  BoRDAGE 
  (E.). 
  Notes 
  Biologiques 
  recueillies 
  ^ 
  I'lle 
  de 
  la 
  Reunion. 
  

  

  [Biological 
  Notes 
  from 
  Reunion.] 
  — 
  Bull. 
  Scient. 
  de 
  la 
  France 
  et 
  de 
  

   la 
  Belgique, 
  Paris, 
  xlvii, 
  no. 
  4, 
  5th 
  Jan. 
  1914, 
  pp. 
  377-412, 
  14 
  figs. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  has 
  given 
  an 
  account 
  of 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  more 
  interesting 
  

   features 
  in 
  the 
  life-history 
  and 
  habits 
  of 
  certain 
  insects 
  found 
  on 
  

   Reunion 
  ; 
  many 
  cases 
  mentioned 
  are 
  of 
  economic 
  interest. 
  In 
  the 
  Mas- 
  

   carene 
  Islands 
  sugar-cane 
  is 
  attacked 
  by 
  various 
  Lepidoptera 
  — 
  Diatraea 
  

   striatalis, 
  Snell., 
  Sesamia 
  inf 
  evens, 
  Walk, 
  (alhiciliata, 
  Snell.), 
  Grapholitha 
  

   schistaceana, 
  Snell., 
  etc. 
  — 
  which 
  bore 
  into 
  the 
  stem 
  of 
  the 
  plants. 
  Their 
  

   principal 
  enemies 
  are 
  three 
  Ichneumonids 
  : 
  Ophion 
  mauritii, 
  0. 
  

   antankarus 
  and 
  Paniscus 
  melanocotis, 
  which 
  also 
  occur 
  in 
  Madagascar 
  

   and 
  Mauritius, 
  where 
  they 
  are 
  of 
  great 
  service 
  to 
  sugar-planters. 
  Re- 
  

   ferring 
  to 
  the 
  introduction 
  of 
  Sir 
  ex 
  gigas 
  into 
  Reunion, 
  the 
  author 
  

   draws 
  attention 
  to 
  the 
  great 
  strength 
  of 
  the 
  mandibles 
  of 
  this 
  insect 
  ; 
  

   he 
  beheves 
  it 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  transported 
  from 
  Europe 
  in 
  wood 
  into 
  which 
  

   it 
  had 
  eaten 
  its 
  way 
  : 
  Sirex 
  gigas 
  has 
  been 
  known 
  to 
  gnaw 
  through 
  a 
  

   pile 
  of 
  cardboard, 
  and 
  even 
  through 
  the 
  lead 
  of 
  cartridges. 
  Further 
  cases 
  

   of 
  parasitism 
  on 
  insects 
  harmful 
  to 
  cultivated 
  plants 
  are 
  recorded 
  ; 
  

   in 
  Reunion 
  the 
  coffee 
  plants 
  have 
  their 
  leaves 
  mined 
  by 
  two 
  micro- 
  

  

  