﻿217 
  

  

  and 
  therefore 
  may 
  be 
  expected 
  to 
  spread 
  through 
  all 
  peach 
  districts, 
  

   but 
  probably 
  not 
  further 
  north 
  than 
  its 
  present 
  northern 
  Hinit. 
  All 
  

   orchard 
  trees, 
  except 
  sour 
  cherries 
  and 
  usually 
  Kieffer 
  pears, 
  are 
  

   attacked. 
  Currants, 
  rose 
  bushes, 
  some 
  ornamental 
  and 
  forest 
  trees 
  

   and 
  shrubs 
  are 
  also 
  severely 
  affected. 
  The 
  insect 
  may 
  be 
  easily 
  

   identified, 
  since 
  it 
  usually 
  causes 
  small, 
  circular 
  reddish 
  spots 
  on 
  the 
  

   fruit 
  and 
  a 
  purplish 
  discoloration 
  of 
  the 
  tissues 
  beneath 
  the 
  bark 
  where 
  

   it 
  feeds. 
  The 
  adult 
  female 
  is 
  almost 
  circular, 
  nearly 
  flat, 
  about 
  yV-inch 
  

   in 
  diameter, 
  grayish 
  to 
  ashy 
  brown 
  in 
  colour, 
  with 
  usually 
  a 
  small 
  

   yellowish 
  area 
  in 
  the 
  centre. 
  The 
  immature 
  black 
  stage 
  is 
  found 
  

   at 
  all 
  seasons. 
  The 
  first 
  brood 
  of 
  young 
  scales 
  begins 
  to 
  appear 
  about 
  

   20th 
  Jime 
  and 
  there 
  are 
  probably 
  three, 
  or 
  nearly 
  three, 
  full 
  broods 
  

   a 
  year 
  in 
  Ontario. 
  A 
  single 
  over- 
  wintering 
  female 
  may 
  produce 
  

   1,000,000 
  offspring. 
  By 
  far 
  the 
  most 
  important 
  of 
  all 
  the 
  various 
  

   means 
  of 
  distribution 
  of 
  the 
  San 
  Jose 
  scale 
  has 
  been 
  infested 
  nursery 
  

   stock. 
  Once 
  in 
  a 
  locahty, 
  it 
  spreads 
  from 
  tree 
  to 
  tree 
  by 
  the 
  active 
  

   larvae 
  crawhng 
  upon 
  various 
  kinds 
  of 
  insects 
  or 
  birds 
  that 
  ahght 
  upon 
  

   or 
  frequent 
  infested 
  trees. 
  Winds 
  and 
  vehicles 
  may 
  also 
  assist 
  in 
  

   their 
  distribution. 
  There 
  is 
  apparently 
  httle 
  danger 
  of 
  estabhshing 
  

   the 
  pest 
  in 
  a 
  new 
  centre 
  by 
  marketing 
  infested 
  apples, 
  but 
  as 
  a 
  pre- 
  

   caution 
  the 
  sale 
  of 
  such 
  fruit 
  is 
  forbidden 
  by 
  law. 
  The 
  scale 
  will 
  

   attack 
  any 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  tree 
  or 
  plant 
  above 
  ground 
  and 
  the 
  bark 
  may 
  

   become 
  thickly 
  encrusted 
  with 
  it. 
  The 
  insects 
  suck 
  the 
  juice 
  of 
  the 
  

   plant 
  and 
  probably 
  also 
  secrete 
  a 
  poison 
  which 
  increases 
  the 
  injury. 
  

   Small 
  trees 
  may 
  be 
  killed 
  in 
  a 
  couple 
  of 
  years 
  ; 
  larger 
  trees 
  usually 
  

   take 
  longer, 
  and 
  an 
  old 
  apple 
  tree 
  may 
  survive 
  for 
  six 
  years 
  or 
  more. 
  

   Infested 
  fruit 
  is 
  usually 
  dwarfed. 
  Among 
  the 
  natural 
  enemies 
  of 
  this 
  

   insect 
  in 
  Ontario 
  are 
  Microweisea 
  (Pentilia) 
  misella, 
  Chilocorus 
  bivul- 
  

   nerus, 
  Aphelinus 
  mytilasjpidis 
  and 
  A.fuscipennis, 
  a 
  red 
  mite 
  and 
  a 
  fungus 
  

   disease 
  ; 
  but 
  they 
  are 
  of 
  Httle 
  importance 
  in 
  controlhng 
  the 
  pest. 
  

   The 
  insect 
  can 
  be 
  readily 
  controlled 
  by 
  a 
  single 
  thorough 
  spraying 
  

   once 
  a 
  year, 
  before 
  the 
  buds 
  have 
  burst 
  in 
  spring 
  ; 
  badly 
  infested 
  trees 
  

   require 
  two 
  apphcations 
  the 
  first 
  year, 
  one 
  in 
  autumn, 
  the 
  other 
  in 
  

   spring. 
  The 
  spraying 
  must 
  be 
  done 
  thoroughly 
  so 
  that 
  every 
  part 
  of 
  

   the 
  tree 
  above 
  the 
  ground 
  is 
  covered. 
  The 
  lime-sulphur 
  wash 
  is 
  to-day 
  

   recognised 
  all 
  over 
  North 
  America 
  as 
  much 
  the 
  safest, 
  best 
  and 
  cheapest 
  

   spray 
  mixture. 
  The 
  most 
  desirable 
  strength 
  is 
  about 
  1*035 
  specific 
  

   gravity. 
  As 
  a 
  supplement 
  to 
  hme-sulphur 
  spraying, 
  kerosene 
  or 
  

   crude 
  petroleum 
  emulsion 
  may 
  be 
  used. 
  Spraying 
  should 
  not 
  be 
  done 
  

   when 
  the 
  trees 
  are 
  wet, 
  nor 
  when 
  it 
  is 
  likely 
  to 
  rain. 
  Neither 
  should 
  

   it 
  be 
  done 
  when 
  the 
  temperature 
  is 
  below 
  freezing 
  point. 
  The 
  Hme- 
  

   sulphur 
  should 
  always 
  be 
  tested 
  with 
  a 
  hydrometer. 
  It 
  is 
  usuaUy 
  

   possible 
  to 
  control 
  the 
  scale 
  in 
  one's 
  own 
  orchard 
  independently 
  of 
  

   neighbours. 
  

  

  The 
  oyster-shell 
  scale 
  {Lepidosaphes 
  uhni, 
  L.), 
  beHeved 
  to 
  be 
  

   an 
  imported 
  insect, 
  attacks 
  apples 
  chiefly, 
  and 
  also 
  pears, 
  plums, 
  

   cherries, 
  gooseberries, 
  currants 
  and 
  ornamental 
  plants. 
  This 
  scale 
  

   confines 
  itself 
  almost 
  entirely 
  to 
  the 
  trunk 
  and 
  branches. 
  The 
  injury 
  

   is 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  plant 
  juices 
  being 
  sucked 
  out 
  by 
  the 
  insects. 
  In 
  thrifty 
  

   orchards 
  the 
  insect 
  is 
  seldom 
  abundant, 
  since 
  it 
  seems 
  to 
  exhibit 
  a 
  

   preference 
  for 
  neglected 
  and 
  weakened 
  trees. 
  Attacked 
  trees 
  usuaUy 
  

   Hve 
  for 
  many 
  years. 
  The 
  female 
  scale 
  is 
  about 
  one- 
  eighth 
  of 
  an 
  

   inch 
  long 
  and 
  scarcely 
  one-third 
  of 
  this 
  in 
  width, 
  this 
  shape 
  

  

  (C26) 
  B 
  

  

  