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  of 
  such 
  beetles 
  as 
  Monochamus 
  sartor, 
  M. 
  jnstor, 
  M. 
  saltu- 
  

   arius, 
  Ips 
  typographus 
  (firs) 
  and 
  /. 
  sexdentatus 
  (cedars). 
  To 
  this 
  

   must 
  be 
  added 
  the 
  injury 
  caused 
  by 
  the 
  decrease 
  in 
  the 
  fir 
  and 
  nut 
  

   trades 
  of 
  the 
  locality, 
  which 
  resulted 
  from 
  the 
  drying 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  " 
  taiga." 
  

   In 
  1902-3 
  an 
  outbreak 
  of 
  D. 
  segregatus 
  occurred 
  on 
  the 
  European 
  

   side 
  of 
  the 
  Southern 
  Ural, 
  in 
  the 
  district 
  of 
  Zlatoust 
  of 
  the 
  government 
  

   of 
  Ufa 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  adjoining 
  district 
  of 
  Troitzk 
  of 
  the 
  government 
  of 
  

   Orenburg, 
  where 
  some 
  hundred 
  dessiatmes 
  of 
  deciduous 
  trees 
  were 
  

   devastated. 
  

  

  With 
  regard 
  to 
  the 
  natural 
  enemies 
  of 
  D. 
  jdni, 
  the 
  author 
  says 
  that 
  

   amongst 
  mammals 
  the 
  most 
  important 
  are 
  bats. 
  Among 
  birds, 
  

   various 
  titmice 
  and 
  tree-creepers 
  eat 
  the 
  eggs 
  ; 
  the 
  caterpillars 
  are 
  

   principally 
  devoured 
  by 
  cuckoos, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  by 
  crows, 
  rooks, 
  magpies, 
  

   jackdaws, 
  great 
  spotted 
  woodpeckers 
  and 
  rollers. 
  The 
  large 
  cater- 
  

   pillars 
  and 
  moths 
  are 
  also 
  destroyed 
  by 
  the 
  grey-backed 
  shrike 
  (Lanius 
  

   excubitor), 
  which 
  impales 
  them 
  on 
  the 
  needles 
  of 
  young 
  pines. 
  The 
  

   pupae 
  of 
  D. 
  pini 
  are 
  eaten 
  by 
  Parus 
  ater 
  and 
  P. 
  cristatus, 
  also 
  by 
  crows, 
  

   jackdaws 
  and 
  rollers. 
  The 
  moths 
  are 
  principally 
  attacked 
  by 
  owls, 
  

   goatsuckers 
  and 
  the 
  red-footed 
  kestrel 
  {Erythropus 
  vespertinus). 
  But 
  

   the 
  most 
  important 
  enemies 
  are 
  insects, 
  amongst 
  which 
  the 
  following 
  

   predators 
  are 
  mentioned 
  : 
  — 
  predaceous 
  beetles 
  and 
  their 
  larvae 
  

   (chiefly 
  Carabidae), 
  ants, 
  Pentatomid 
  bugs 
  and 
  Asihd 
  flies. 
  The 
  

   caterpillars 
  and 
  pupae 
  of 
  D. 
  pini 
  are 
  subject 
  also 
  to 
  fungus 
  diseases, 
  

   and 
  especially 
  those 
  caterpillars 
  which 
  winter 
  in 
  wet 
  soil 
  ; 
  chief 
  amongst 
  

   the 
  fungi 
  the 
  author 
  puts 
  Cordiceps 
  militaris, 
  but 
  there 
  are 
  also 
  cases 
  

   reported 
  of 
  diseases 
  caused 
  by 
  Empusa 
  and 
  Botrytis. 
  The 
  bacterial 
  

   diseases 
  have 
  not 
  been 
  fully 
  studied, 
  but 
  the 
  author 
  is 
  of 
  opinion 
  that 
  

   flacherie 
  probably 
  exists. 
  

  

  Considerable 
  space 
  is 
  devoted 
  to 
  parasites 
  of 
  D. 
  pini, 
  and 
  a 
  Hst 
  is 
  

   given 
  containing 
  13 
  species 
  of 
  Dipt 
  era, 
  Tachina 
  winnertzi, 
  B.B., 
  being 
  

   recorded 
  for 
  the 
  first 
  time 
  ; 
  there 
  is 
  also 
  a 
  list 
  of 
  parasites 
  of 
  the 
  fami- 
  

   hes 
  IcHNEUMONiDAE, 
  Braconidae, 
  Chalcididae 
  and 
  Proctotru- 
  

   PIDAE 
  (p. 
  55). 
  The 
  author 
  remarks 
  that 
  this 
  list 
  cannot 
  be 
  considered 
  

   to 
  be 
  final, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  probable 
  that 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  parasites 
  may 
  prove 
  to 
  

   be 
  hyperparasites, 
  as 
  has 
  already 
  been 
  proved 
  by 
  him 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  

   Theronia 
  flavicans 
  and 
  Monodontofnerus 
  virens, 
  while 
  others, 
  such 
  as 
  

   Ischnocerus 
  marchicus 
  and 
  Rhogas 
  esenbecJcii, 
  may 
  have 
  to 
  be 
  excluded. 
  

   The 
  egg 
  parasites 
  Ooencyrtus 
  atomon 
  and 
  Telenomus 
  umbripennis 
  were 
  

   first 
  found 
  by 
  him 
  in 
  1904. 
  The 
  author 
  deals 
  separately 
  with 
  each 
  

   parasite, 
  and 
  gives 
  in 
  every 
  case 
  a 
  list 
  of 
  their 
  other 
  hosts. 
  He 
  mentions 
  

   that 
  the 
  Tachinid 
  fly, 
  Phryxe 
  (Blepharidea) 
  vulgaris, 
  Fall, 
  is 
  ovi- 
  vivipa- 
  

   rous, 
  a 
  female 
  la}dng 
  up 
  to 
  5,000 
  larvae, 
  each 
  included 
  in 
  a 
  transparent 
  

   cover, 
  which 
  sticks 
  to 
  the 
  skin 
  of 
  the 
  caterpillar 
  ; 
  SarcopJmga 
  albiceps, 
  

   Mg., 
  and 
  S. 
  qffinis. 
  Fall., 
  are 
  both 
  viviparous 
  and 
  monophagous. 
  

   With 
  regard 
  to 
  Trichogramma 
  (Oophthora) 
  semblidis, 
  Aur., 
  the 
  author 
  

   is 
  satisfied, 
  by 
  his 
  latest 
  experiments 
  in 
  1912-13, 
  that 
  this 
  species 
  is 
  

   not 
  synonymous 
  Avith 
  T. 
  carpocapsae, 
  Ashm., 
  and 
  he 
  points 
  out 
  the 
  

   difference 
  in 
  the 
  habitat 
  of 
  the 
  two 
  species, 
  remarking 
  also 
  that 
  

   T. 
  carpocapsae 
  does 
  not 
  infest 
  the 
  eggs 
  of 
  D. 
  pini, 
  breeding 
  in 
  nature 
  

   principally 
  in 
  the 
  eggs 
  of 
  Cydia 
  pomonella, 
  and 
  also 
  in 
  those 
  of 
  Phlyct- 
  

   aenodes 
  sticticalis 
  and 
  Euproctis 
  chrysorrhoea. 
  His 
  experiments 
  and 
  

   observations 
  have 
  satisfied 
  him 
  that 
  Telenomus 
  phalaenarum, 
  Nels., 
  

   never 
  infests 
  the 
  eggs 
  of 
  D. 
  pini. 
  

  

  