﻿274 
  

  

  Shtchegolev 
  (Ir.). 
  HenapHbiii 
  mejiKonpflflij 
  bt, 
  Kpbiwiy. 
  [Lymantria 
  

   dispar 
  L. 
  in 
  the 
  Crimea.] 
  — 
  « 
  CaflOBOfl"b 
  » 
  . 
  [Horticulturist], 
  Rostov- 
  

   on-Don, 
  Jan. 
  1914, 
  pp. 
  18-30. 
  

  

  This 
  is 
  a 
  short 
  report 
  on 
  the 
  outbreak 
  of 
  Lymantria 
  dispar 
  which 
  

   took 
  place 
  in 
  1913 
  in 
  the 
  Crimea. 
  Normally 
  these 
  insects 
  are 
  not 
  of 
  

   any 
  great 
  importance, 
  but 
  in 
  1913 
  the 
  area 
  infested 
  by 
  them 
  amounted 
  

   to 
  at 
  least 
  54,000 
  acres, 
  mostly 
  forests, 
  with 
  intervening 
  orchards. 
  

   It 
  was 
  already 
  clear 
  in 
  the 
  autumn 
  of 
  1912 
  that 
  an 
  outbreak 
  of 
  the 
  

   pest 
  was 
  to 
  be 
  expected, 
  as 
  an 
  examination 
  of 
  the 
  forests 
  had 
  shown 
  

   that 
  there 
  was 
  scarcely 
  a 
  tree 
  which 
  did 
  not 
  bear 
  one 
  or 
  two 
  egg-masses. 
  

   Sometimes 
  three 
  or 
  four 
  layers 
  of 
  eggs 
  were 
  deposited 
  one 
  above 
  the 
  

   other, 
  and 
  dead 
  moths 
  were 
  frequently 
  found 
  covered 
  with 
  eggs 
  of 
  

   other 
  moths 
  ; 
  the 
  masses 
  averaged 
  500 
  eggs 
  each, 
  this 
  number 
  rising 
  

   sometimes 
  to 
  800. 
  

  

  The 
  Entomological 
  Station 
  of 
  Simferopol 
  distributed 
  posters 
  and 
  

   organized 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  popular 
  lectures 
  on 
  the 
  fighting 
  of 
  these 
  insects 
  ; 
  

   while 
  the 
  Administration 
  of 
  the 
  State 
  Domains 
  (having 
  control 
  over 
  

   the 
  forests) 
  convened 
  a 
  conference 
  of 
  foresters 
  of 
  the 
  Crimea 
  to 
  decide 
  

   on 
  a 
  plan 
  of 
  campaign. 
  Attention 
  has 
  been 
  chiefly 
  directed 
  to 
  the 
  

   protection 
  of 
  the 
  orchards 
  which 
  were 
  the 
  most 
  threatened 
  by 
  the 
  

   outbreak. 
  As 
  to 
  the 
  forests, 
  it 
  was 
  resolved 
  to 
  hmit 
  the 
  campaign 
  

   only 
  to 
  the 
  protection 
  of 
  the 
  more 
  valuable 
  plantations 
  and 
  nurseries, 
  

   for 
  the 
  inaccessibility 
  of 
  the 
  mountain 
  forests 
  of 
  the 
  Crimea 
  renders 
  

   it 
  impossible 
  to 
  take 
  any 
  effective 
  measures 
  for 
  protecting 
  them 
  that 
  

   would 
  be 
  worth 
  the 
  outlay. 
  A 
  wholesale 
  destruction 
  of 
  the 
  eggs 
  was 
  

   carried 
  on 
  in 
  the 
  orchards 
  and 
  neighbouring 
  forests 
  by 
  soaking 
  the 
  

   egg-masses 
  with 
  carbolineum, 
  or 
  with 
  a 
  mixture 
  of 
  kerosene 
  and 
  

   birch 
  tar, 
  or 
  with 
  crude 
  oil. 
  This 
  method 
  proved 
  most 
  successful, 
  and 
  

   was 
  preferable 
  to 
  the 
  scraping 
  down 
  of 
  the 
  masses 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  various 
  

   tools, 
  for 
  in 
  the 
  latter 
  case 
  a 
  considerable 
  number 
  of 
  eggs 
  escaped 
  

   destruction. 
  In 
  some 
  localities, 
  where 
  the 
  forest 
  boundaries 
  closely 
  

   approached 
  the 
  orchards, 
  a 
  strip 
  of 
  forest 
  was 
  cut 
  down 
  and 
  burnt. 
  

   On 
  the 
  cleared 
  space 
  trenches 
  were 
  dug 
  to 
  stop 
  the 
  advance 
  of 
  the 
  

   caterpillars, 
  or 
  else 
  boards 
  smeared 
  over 
  with 
  tar 
  or 
  some 
  other 
  sticky 
  

   material 
  were 
  used. 
  In 
  some 
  places 
  the 
  caterpillars 
  were 
  transported 
  

   by 
  wind 
  over 
  considerable 
  distances 
  — 
  as 
  much 
  as 
  from 
  four 
  to 
  seven 
  

   miles 
  — 
  and 
  the 
  fight 
  against 
  them 
  had 
  to 
  be 
  conducted 
  incessantly, 
  

   as 
  constantly 
  fresh 
  swarms 
  were 
  brought 
  by 
  the 
  same 
  means. 
  

   Insecticides 
  were 
  largely 
  used, 
  chiefly 
  Bordeaux 
  mixture 
  wdth 
  Paris 
  

   green, 
  the 
  spraying 
  having 
  frequently 
  to 
  be 
  repeated 
  owing 
  to 
  the 
  rains 
  ; 
  

   the 
  formula 
  recommended 
  was 
  2*4 
  drams 
  of 
  green 
  for 
  2 
  '7 
  gallons 
  of 
  

   water. 
  Djipsin 
  also 
  proved 
  very 
  useful, 
  while 
  no 
  effect 
  was 
  obtained 
  

   by 
  such 
  insecticides 
  as 
  tobacco 
  extract, 
  which 
  is 
  harmless 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  

   of 
  caterpillars 
  covered 
  with 
  hairs. 
  Sticky 
  bands 
  were 
  applied 
  with 
  

   success 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  caterpillars 
  were 
  also 
  shaken 
  down 
  from 
  the 
  trees 
  

   and 
  then 
  destroyed 
  by 
  crushing. 
  American 
  tanglefoot 
  being 
  expensive 
  

   and 
  not 
  being 
  available 
  in 
  sufficient 
  quantity, 
  cart-grease 
  with 
  ordinary 
  

   birch 
  tar 
  was 
  used 
  as 
  a 
  substitute 
  and 
  also 
  a 
  mixture 
  of 
  castor 
  oil 
  

   with 
  resin 
  (J-| 
  lb. 
  of 
  resin 
  added 
  to 
  1 
  lb. 
  of 
  heated 
  castor 
  oil 
  and 
  boiled 
  

   to 
  the 
  proper 
  consistency). 
  Notwithstanding 
  the 
  many 
  defects 
  of 
  

   the 
  latter 
  preparation, 
  it 
  being 
  often 
  either 
  too 
  liquid 
  or 
  too 
  hard, 
  

   it 
  proved 
  very 
  useful, 
  although 
  it 
  required 
  much 
  attention 
  from 
  the 
  

   owners 
  to 
  keep 
  it 
  in 
  working 
  order. 
  

  

  