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  observed 
  a 
  female 
  Aphelopus 
  sp. 
  (Proctotrupidae) 
  thrusting 
  her 
  

   ovipositor 
  into 
  the 
  body 
  of 
  a 
  nymph. 
  On 
  the 
  other 
  hand 
  the 
  nymphs 
  

   seem 
  to 
  be 
  specially 
  subject 
  to 
  the 
  attack 
  of 
  predaceous 
  enemies 
  which 
  

   include 
  Hemerodromia 
  siiperstitiosa, 
  Say, 
  and 
  Hyaloides 
  vitripeiinis, 
  Say, 
  

   Rhyncholophus 
  jmrvidiis, 
  Banks, 
  the 
  larvae 
  of 
  Chrysopa, 
  ants, 
  and 
  cocci- 
  

   nellidae, 
  and 
  spiders. 
  In 
  one 
  case 
  the 
  leaf-hoppers 
  were 
  found 
  to 
  be 
  

   attacked 
  by 
  Empusa, 
  sp. 
  Numerous 
  control 
  methods 
  are 
  mentioned 
  and 
  

   references 
  to 
  them 
  given 
  in 
  a 
  lengthy 
  bibliography. 
  In 
  the 
  vineyards 
  in 
  

   Chautauqua 
  County, 
  N.Y., 
  Slingerland 
  carried 
  on 
  extensive 
  experiments 
  

   with 
  sticky 
  shields 
  for 
  catching 
  the 
  adults 
  before 
  the 
  commencement 
  

   of 
  oviposition, 
  the 
  most 
  practical 
  shield 
  for 
  trellised 
  vineyards 
  being 
  

   constructed 
  and 
  used 
  as 
  follows 
  : 
  Make 
  a 
  light 
  wooden 
  frame 
  about 
  

   seven 
  or 
  eight 
  feet 
  long 
  and 
  four 
  feet 
  wide, 
  having 
  the 
  bottom 
  cross- 
  

   piece 
  about 
  a 
  foot 
  from 
  the 
  ground 
  and 
  fasten 
  to 
  this 
  stiff 
  wires 
  

   extending 
  down 
  nearly 
  to 
  the 
  ground 
  and 
  bent 
  inward 
  something 
  like 
  

   hay-rake 
  teeth. 
  Tack 
  over 
  this 
  a 
  strip 
  of 
  table 
  oilcloth 
  IJ 
  yards 
  wide 
  

   and 
  let 
  it 
  extend 
  down 
  over 
  the 
  curved 
  wire 
  teeth 
  so 
  that 
  when 
  the 
  

   shield 
  is 
  held 
  beside 
  a 
  vine, 
  the 
  oilcloth 
  will 
  come 
  under 
  the 
  vine 
  to 
  

   catch 
  the 
  " 
  hoppers 
  " 
  that 
  try 
  to 
  drop 
  to 
  the 
  ground. 
  Cover 
  the 
  

   oilcloth 
  with 
  the 
  " 
  stick-em 
  " 
  and 
  all 
  is 
  ready 
  to 
  operate. 
  Two 
  men, 
  

   each 
  carrying 
  one 
  of 
  these 
  light 
  sticky 
  shields 
  on 
  opposite 
  sides 
  of 
  a 
  

   trellis 
  of 
  vines, 
  can 
  reach 
  over 
  the 
  shields, 
  jar 
  the 
  vines 
  to 
  disturb 
  the 
  

   " 
  hoppers 
  " 
  and 
  thus 
  go 
  over 
  an 
  acre 
  of 
  vineyard 
  in 
  a 
  little 
  more 
  than 
  

   an 
  hour. 
  

  

  In 
  California, 
  where 
  the 
  vines 
  are 
  not 
  trained 
  to 
  a 
  trellis, 
  Mr. 
  Quayle 
  

   found 
  that 
  a 
  screen 
  cage, 
  having 
  the 
  inside 
  smeared 
  with 
  crude 
  oil, 
  

   with 
  one 
  side 
  open 
  and 
  a 
  V-shaped 
  opening 
  cut 
  in 
  the 
  bottom 
  to 
  admit 
  

   the 
  stem 
  of 
  the 
  vine, 
  could 
  be 
  used 
  quite 
  effectively 
  in 
  the 
  vineyards 
  

   to 
  catch 
  the 
  adults 
  before 
  oviposition 
  commenced. 
  Owing 
  to 
  the 
  

   migratory 
  habit 
  of 
  this 
  insect 
  the 
  destruction 
  of 
  leaves 
  and 
  trash 
  in 
  

   vineyards 
  cannot 
  have 
  very 
  great 
  results. 
  Sprays 
  used 
  against 
  the 
  

   adults 
  are 
  of 
  little 
  value 
  owing 
  to 
  the 
  agihty 
  of 
  the 
  Tvinged 
  insects 
  

   and 
  the 
  protection 
  afforded 
  to 
  their 
  bodies 
  by 
  the 
  wings. 
  Against 
  

   the 
  nymphal 
  stages 
  the 
  following 
  solutions 
  have 
  been 
  used 
  w^th 
  great 
  

   success 
  : 
  — 
  1 
  lb. 
  whale-oil 
  soap 
  to 
  15 
  gallons 
  of 
  water 
  ; 
  or 
  1 
  lb. 
  resin 
  

   to 
  15 
  gallons 
  of 
  water, 
  adding 
  enough 
  soda 
  or 
  potash 
  to 
  dissolve 
  the 
  

   resin 
  completely, 
  i.e., 
  1 
  lb. 
  of 
  soda 
  to 
  about 
  8 
  lb. 
  of 
  resin. 
  This 
  soapy 
  

   liquid 
  has 
  a 
  tendency 
  to 
  form 
  a 
  drop 
  on 
  each 
  berry 
  which 
  causes 
  an 
  

   undesirable 
  discoloration 
  on 
  the 
  grapes. 
  In 
  the 
  last 
  few 
  years 
  there- 
  

   fore 
  tobacco 
  extracts 
  have 
  been 
  used 
  instead. 
  These, 
  used 
  according 
  

   to 
  the 
  following 
  formulae, 
  have 
  given 
  excellent 
  results; 
  (a) 
  tobacco 
  

   extracts 
  containing 
  27 
  per 
  cent, 
  nicotin 
  sulphate, 
  diluted 
  in 
  the 
  ratio 
  

   of 
  1 
  part 
  to 
  150 
  parts 
  of 
  water; 
  (b) 
  tobacco 
  extracts 
  containing 
  

   40 
  per 
  cent, 
  nicotin 
  sulphate, 
  diluted 
  in 
  the 
  ratio 
  of 
  1 
  part 
  to 
  1,500 
  parts 
  

   of 
  water. 
  The 
  most 
  effective 
  time 
  to 
  make 
  the 
  tobacco 
  spray 
  appli- 
  

   cation 
  against 
  the 
  nymphs 
  is 
  just 
  before 
  those 
  that 
  hatched 
  earliest 
  

   in 
  the 
  season 
  have 
  reached 
  the 
  fourth 
  moult, 
  i.e., 
  when 
  the 
  wing 
  

   pads 
  extend 
  about 
  one-third 
  the 
  length 
  of 
  the 
  abdomen. 
  When 
  it 
  

   is 
  deemed 
  expedient 
  to 
  use 
  sticky 
  shields 
  to 
  capture 
  the 
  adults, 
  the 
  

   best 
  sticky 
  substance 
  to 
  use 
  is 
  a 
  mixture 
  of 
  melted 
  resin, 
  1 
  quart, 
  in 
  

   1 
  pint 
  of 
  castor 
  oil, 
  smeared 
  liberally 
  over 
  the 
  face 
  of 
  the 
  shield. 
  Suc- 
  

   cessful 
  control 
  of 
  the 
  nymphs 
  by 
  spraying 
  depends 
  on 
  thoroughly 
  wetting 
  

   all 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  underside 
  of 
  the 
  infested 
  leaves 
  with 
  the 
  spray 
  liquid. 
  

  

  