﻿291 
  

  

  KosTAREV 
  (N.) 
  6opb5t 
  C"b 
  nnOflOWOpKOW. 
  [The 
  fight 
  against 
  C^rfia 
  

   (Carpocapsa) 
  pomonella, 
  L., 
  and 
  Cydia 
  {Grapholita) 
  funebrana, 
  L.] 
  — 
  

   « 
  nnOflOBOflCTBO» 
  [Fruit-Groiving], 
  St. 
  Petersburg, 
  Jan. 
  1914, 
  

   pp. 
  32-38. 
  

  

  This 
  is 
  a 
  paper 
  read 
  by 
  the 
  author 
  at 
  the 
  general 
  meeting 
  of 
  the 
  

   Russian 
  Imperial 
  Society 
  of 
  Fruit- 
  Growing 
  in 
  December 
  last. 
  He 
  

   refers 
  first 
  to 
  the 
  enormous 
  amount 
  of 
  damage 
  done 
  by 
  Cydia 
  pomonella, 
  

   which 
  injures 
  as 
  much 
  as 
  60 
  per 
  cent, 
  of 
  the 
  apples 
  in 
  the 
  Crimea, 
  

   while 
  in 
  the 
  governments 
  of 
  Astrachan 
  and 
  Ekaterinoslav 
  and 
  else- 
  

   where, 
  the 
  figure 
  amounts 
  to 
  90 
  percent., 
  thus 
  causing 
  yearly 
  a 
  loss 
  to 
  

   fruit-growers 
  estimated 
  to 
  reach 
  milhons 
  of 
  pounds 
  sterling. 
  While 
  

   not 
  disputing 
  the 
  importance 
  of 
  the 
  principle 
  of 
  fighting 
  the 
  pest 
  by 
  

   means 
  of 
  its 
  parasites, 
  the 
  author 
  considers 
  that 
  this 
  method 
  has 
  not 
  

   yet 
  given 
  practical 
  results 
  in 
  the 
  orchard. 
  He 
  points 
  out 
  the 
  good 
  

   results 
  obtained 
  in 
  America 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  spraying, 
  and 
  advocates 
  the 
  

   methods 
  suggested 
  by 
  Dr. 
  Ball 
  and 
  Professor 
  Melander, 
  i.e., 
  spraying 
  

   under 
  high 
  pressure 
  and 
  directed 
  downwards 
  [see 
  this 
  Review, 
  Ser. 
  A., 
  

   i, 
  p. 
  276]. 
  He 
  then 
  goes 
  on 
  to 
  deal 
  with 
  Cydia 
  funebrana, 
  the 
  damage 
  

   done 
  by 
  which 
  is 
  more 
  indirect 
  than 
  direct, 
  for 
  its 
  attacks 
  induce 
  the 
  

   development 
  of 
  the 
  fungi, 
  Moniliafructigens 
  and 
  M. 
  cinerea. 
  

  

  He 
  further 
  gives 
  an 
  account 
  of 
  some 
  experiments 
  conducted 
  in 
  

   Sotchi, 
  where 
  C. 
  funebrana 
  starts 
  ovipositing 
  after 
  the 
  14th 
  May. 
  

   Bordeaux 
  mixture 
  and 
  lime-sulphur, 
  which 
  are 
  so 
  effective 
  against 
  the 
  

   fungus 
  Phyllosticta 
  prunicola, 
  proved 
  less 
  so 
  against 
  Monilia. 
  About 
  

   12 
  pints 
  of 
  kerosene 
  emulsion 
  to 
  10 
  gallons 
  of 
  Djipsin 
  gave 
  good 
  

   results, 
  but 
  this 
  insecticide 
  is 
  too 
  expensive 
  ; 
  the 
  cost 
  per 
  tree 
  was 
  14s., 
  

   as 
  the 
  spraying 
  had 
  to 
  be 
  repeated 
  every 
  10 
  days, 
  i.e., 
  14 
  times 
  during 
  

   the 
  summer. 
  A 
  casual 
  observation, 
  that 
  in 
  orchards 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  

   quantity 
  was 
  too 
  small 
  to 
  be 
  w^orth 
  harvesting, 
  the 
  plums 
  were 
  less 
  

   damaged, 
  has 
  led 
  to 
  further 
  investigations 
  which 
  proved 
  that, 
  in 
  

   orchards 
  where 
  no 
  harvest 
  was 
  obtained 
  one 
  season, 
  the 
  plums 
  were 
  

   healthy 
  the 
  next 
  year 
  ; 
  while 
  in 
  orchards 
  which 
  yielded 
  a 
  good 
  crop 
  

   one 
  year, 
  the 
  next 
  w^as 
  considerably 
  diseased 
  w^ith 
  Monilia, 
  and 
  the 
  

   third 
  was 
  altogether 
  ruined. 
  This 
  is 
  explained 
  by 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  

   majority 
  of 
  C. 
  funebrana 
  live 
  only 
  one 
  year, 
  and 
  if 
  the 
  next 
  generation 
  

   finds 
  no 
  food 
  owing 
  to 
  a 
  bad 
  harvest, 
  it 
  dies 
  out 
  ; 
  the 
  moths 
  do 
  not 
  fly 
  

   far 
  and 
  the 
  greater 
  the 
  area 
  affected 
  by 
  a 
  total 
  bad 
  harvest, 
  the 
  less 
  

   likely 
  are 
  they 
  to 
  appear 
  next 
  year. 
  This 
  led 
  the 
  author 
  to 
  try 
  to 
  

   prevent 
  a 
  harvest 
  in 
  plum 
  orchards 
  artificially 
  once 
  in 
  every 
  three 
  years, 
  

   by 
  burning 
  the 
  blossoms 
  of 
  plum 
  trees 
  with 
  sulphate 
  of 
  copper 
  ; 
  as 
  a 
  

   result, 
  splendid 
  plums 
  were 
  obtained 
  and 
  the 
  yield 
  increased, 
  for 
  

   having 
  had 
  a 
  year 
  of 
  rest, 
  the 
  trees 
  bore 
  a 
  heavier 
  crop. 
  

  

  In 
  summarising 
  his 
  remarks 
  the 
  author 
  recommends 
  the 
  following 
  

   campaign 
  against 
  C. 
  funebrana 
  : 
  — 
  (1) 
  The 
  blossoms 
  of 
  plum 
  trees 
  

   ought 
  to 
  be 
  burnt 
  with 
  sulphate 
  of 
  copper 
  once 
  in 
  three 
  years, 
  or 
  in 
  a 
  

   third 
  of 
  the 
  orchard 
  every 
  year, 
  which 
  remedy 
  destroys 
  also 
  many 
  

   fungus 
  diseases 
  ; 
  (2) 
  during 
  the 
  winter 
  and 
  early 
  in 
  spring 
  the 
  withered 
  

   fruits 
  must 
  be 
  collected 
  and 
  destroyed 
  ; 
  (3) 
  the 
  earth 
  in 
  the 
  orchard 
  

   must 
  be 
  kept 
  friable 
  till 
  the 
  fruits 
  acquire 
  their 
  normal 
  colour 
  ; 
  (4) 
  

   the 
  plums 
  which 
  turn 
  red 
  at 
  the 
  beginning 
  of 
  summer, 
  when 
  the 
  bulk 
  

   of 
  the 
  plums 
  are 
  still 
  green 
  must 
  be 
  removed 
  and 
  destroyed, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  

   all 
  rotten 
  fruit 
  ; 
  (5) 
  the 
  following 
  spraying 
  operations 
  are 
  advocated 
  : 
  

  

  (C30) 
  b2 
  

  

  