﻿317 
  

  

  Various 
  species 
  of 
  Ceratitis 
  and 
  Dacus 
  were 
  found, 
  many 
  of 
  which 
  

   occurred 
  during 
  the 
  author's 
  visit, 
  in 
  such 
  reduced 
  numbers 
  as 
  to 
  make 
  

   it 
  seem 
  certain 
  that 
  they 
  are 
  effectually 
  controlled 
  by 
  inimical 
  factors. 
  

   The 
  occurrence, 
  distribution 
  and 
  life-histories 
  of 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  species 
  

   found 
  are 
  described. 
  Certain 
  Braconid 
  parasites 
  of 
  the 
  genera 
  OjpiuSy 
  

   Diachasma, 
  Hedylus 
  and 
  Biosteres, 
  and 
  Chalcids 
  of 
  the 
  genera 
  Tetra- 
  

   stichus, 
  Dirhinus 
  and 
  Sjmlangia, 
  and 
  Proctotrupids 
  of 
  the 
  genus 
  Gahsus^ 
  

   seem 
  to 
  be 
  the 
  most 
  active 
  enemies 
  of 
  Ceratitis 
  in 
  West 
  Africa 
  ; 
  bac- 
  

   terial 
  and 
  fungoid 
  diseases 
  were 
  also 
  observed. 
  Some 
  species 
  of 
  hymen- 
  

   opterous 
  parasites 
  attack 
  several 
  different 
  species 
  of 
  Ceratitis 
  and 
  

   Dacus 
  \ 
  parasites 
  of 
  C. 
  giffardi 
  and 
  C. 
  anonae 
  were 
  experimentally- 
  

   bred 
  by 
  the 
  author 
  on 
  C. 
  capiiata, 
  and 
  developed 
  to 
  maturity. 
  Living^ 
  

   adults 
  of 
  Opius 
  perproximus, 
  Dirhinus 
  giffardii 
  and 
  Galesus 
  silvestrii 
  

   from 
  West 
  Africa, 
  Opius 
  humilis 
  and 
  Trichopria 
  capensis 
  from 
  South. 
  

   Africa, 
  and 
  Diachasina 
  tyroni 
  from 
  Australia, 
  were 
  brought 
  to 
  Hono- 
  

   lulu 
  and 
  bred 
  there 
  in 
  large 
  numbers 
  and 
  were 
  then 
  distributed 
  to 
  

   other 
  islands 
  of 
  the 
  group 
  ; 
  but 
  it 
  is 
  impossible 
  to 
  make 
  any 
  statements 
  

   as 
  regards 
  the 
  results 
  of 
  these 
  introductions 
  until 
  the 
  permanent 
  

   establishment 
  of 
  the 
  species 
  has 
  been 
  proved. 
  If 
  Opius, 
  Diachasma, 
  

   Dirhinus 
  and 
  Galesus 
  become 
  acclimatised, 
  a 
  notable 
  destruction 
  of 
  

   Ceratitis 
  capitata 
  may 
  be 
  hoped 
  for. 
  The 
  details 
  of 
  the 
  breeding 
  and 
  

   liberation 
  of 
  the 
  different 
  species 
  are 
  shown 
  in 
  tabular 
  form. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  recommended 
  that 
  if 
  Diachasma 
  tryoni 
  does 
  not 
  become 
  

   established 
  on 
  account 
  of 
  the 
  small 
  number 
  of 
  specimens 
  introduced, 
  

   a 
  large 
  number 
  should 
  be 
  imported 
  from 
  Australia, 
  the 
  transportation 
  

   of 
  these 
  parasites 
  to 
  Hawaii 
  being 
  very 
  easy. 
  The 
  introduction 
  of 
  

   other 
  Braconids 
  of 
  the 
  genera 
  Diachasma 
  and 
  Biosteres, 
  parasites 
  of 
  

   Anastrepha, 
  from 
  Mexico 
  and 
  Central 
  America 
  is 
  advised 
  before 
  any 
  

   new 
  attempts 
  are 
  made 
  to 
  introduce 
  Braconidae 
  from 
  Africa, 
  because 
  

   the 
  distance 
  of 
  the 
  latter 
  from 
  the 
  Hawaiian 
  Islands 
  and 
  the 
  habit& 
  

   of 
  the 
  parasites 
  make 
  it 
  difficult 
  to 
  transport 
  them 
  in 
  good 
  condition. 
  

   A 
  comprehensive 
  bibliography 
  is 
  given. 
  

  

  Verestchagin 
  (B.) 
  KpoBflHafl 
  TJifl 
  btj 
  MsiviaMnbCKOMTj 
  ytsflt. 
  

  

  [Schizoneura 
  lanigera, 
  Hansen., 
  in 
  the 
  district 
  of 
  Izmail 
  (Govt, 
  of 
  

   Bessarabia).] 
  — 
  « 
  Cafllj 
  M 
  OropOA'b 
  » 
  [Orchard 
  and 
  Market- 
  

   Garden], 
  Moscow, 
  Feb. 
  1914, 
  pp. 
  74-76. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  refers 
  to 
  the 
  history 
  of 
  the 
  spread 
  of 
  this 
  pest 
  and 
  

   describes 
  its 
  habits 
  and 
  the 
  damage 
  done 
  by 
  it. 
  It 
  appeared 
  some 
  6 
  or 
  7 
  

   years 
  ago, 
  in 
  the 
  district 
  of 
  Izmail, 
  in 
  the 
  Government 
  of 
  Bessarabia, 
  

   whence 
  it 
  spread 
  to 
  some 
  neighbouring 
  districts, 
  and 
  has 
  greatly 
  

   multiplied 
  during 
  the 
  last 
  2 
  or 
  3 
  years. 
  In 
  some 
  parts 
  it 
  is 
  impossible 
  

   to 
  find 
  an 
  apple 
  tree 
  which 
  ;s 
  free 
  from 
  it, 
  though 
  it 
  has 
  not 
  been 
  found 
  

   on 
  any 
  other 
  trees. 
  The 
  remedies 
  applied 
  by 
  the 
  peasant 
  horticul- 
  

   turists 
  consist 
  in 
  digging 
  out 
  the 
  attacked 
  trees, 
  crushing 
  the 
  aphids 
  ; 
  

   smearing 
  the 
  trees 
  with 
  milk 
  of 
  lime, 
  some 
  of 
  them 
  smearing 
  also 
  the 
  

   more 
  infested 
  spots 
  with 
  some 
  oily 
  substance. 
  The 
  author 
  recommends 
  

   that 
  the 
  pest 
  should 
  be 
  more 
  energetically 
  attacked 
  in 
  the 
  future, 
  

   and 
  suggests, 
  in 
  addition 
  to 
  the 
  foregoing 
  remedies, 
  spraying 
  the 
  

   soil, 
  after 
  the 
  attacked 
  trees 
  have 
  been 
  removed, 
  with 
  (K2CSJ,) 
  or 
  

   with 
  kerosene, 
  cutting 
  away 
  and 
  destroying 
  the 
  diseased 
  branches 
  

   and 
  spraying 
  the 
  leafless 
  trees 
  with 
  kerosene 
  emulsion. 
  

  

  